Cosmic Symmetry

Fundamentalists instinctively distrust scientific symmetry.

Christian Fundamentalists, by definition, believe they have a very direct connection with the Divine. Consequently they are very sure of their respective spiritual positions, positions which will be based on some blend of gnosis and Biblical legalism. Convinced of the divine authority of their own opinions they will presume to speak in the name of the Almighty, readily condemning those they perceive to be heretics. They are likely to feel uncomfortable with Harries Formula “Meaning = Text + Context”, because for them divine meaning is unambiguous and clear, demanding little in the way of interpretative context, a context which in any case they will probably identify as a corrupting influence. (And yet they themselves must make use of contextual resources in order to interpret texts!) For fundamentalists “compromise” is a dirty word and consequently when fundamentalists holding conflicting versions of “revelation” meet it is a meeting of the irresistible force and the immoveable object; the subsequent contention can be short, sharp and acrimonious.

The kind of altercation I speak of is exemplified in my “Fundamentalist Argument Clinic” series which I showcased on my Views, News and Pews blog (see here, here and here). However, fascinating as it is, this classic meeting of opposing fundamentalist minds is not what I want to focus on here. I actually would like to draw attention to the following comments by one of the contributors, “Geocentric Believer” (=GB). Viz:

Copernicanism is as evil as Darwinism. In fact Darwinism is just another type of Copernicanism applied to the animal Kingdom, making man insignificant, just like Copernicanism does. Copernicanism came before Darwinism and is the thin end of the wedge that takes us away from the Word of God. If you believe in Copernicanism you are compromising the clear Word of God.

As I keep trying to tell you g.s. Darwinism is linked to Copernicanism. In belittling God's created Earth Copernicanism paved the way for Darwinism.

Copernicanism came first. It demoted God's place for the Earth by removing it from the spatial origin of His Creation, just as the claimed billions of years removed the Earth from the temporal origin of Creation. Copernicanism paved the way for an Old Earth and Darwinism.

Copernicanism set us up for all this rot about us being just an accident in a remote and obscure corner of the universe with no special status to protect us from apocalyptic meteor impacts. And g.s. foolishly thinks it's unimportant.

There is a theme here that leads us into very deep waters indeed.

***

The advance of science has been marked by the progressive discovery of what may be referred to as “symmetries”. The symmetry I have in mind is of the mathematical kind; that is, the sort of object where operations like rotation, motion, displacement, and reflection etc. leave the object unchanged. For example, if you rotate a perfect circle by any number of degrees it remains exactly the same; it is infinitely symmetrical with respect to rotation. Roughly speaking I suppose “symmetry” translates as “sameness”. It is this concept of “sameness” that, I think, is at the bottom of GB’s deep theological misgivings about Copernicus.

You see, when Galileo famously and abrasively argued for Copernicanism he was endorsing a form of symmetry - the Earth now became “symmetrical” with respect to the other planets; it lost its special central place and became “just another planet”. Moreover, by the days of Newton gone was the planetary quintessence and the music of the spheres, to be replaced by a solar system described using very Earthy laws. Copernicanism, then, could be thought of as the thin end of the wedge of what is now the accepted history of intellectual progress: The Earth became just another planet. The Sun became just another star. The Solar System became just another solar system. The Galaxy become just another galaxy. And so on right up to the “Perfect Cosmological Principle” touted by Fred Hoyle, a principle stating that the universe looks everywhere the same in space and time. Hoyle’s ideas seemed at first to conflict with Big Bang Theory, but the essential concept behind the Perfect Cosmological Principle has since been revived in the eternal chaotic inflation theory, a theory I mentioned in my last blog post on middlebrow atheism. (see here) Moreover, what GB refers to as “Darwinism” can be construed as yet another theoretical imposition of a bland symmetry on the universe: In the evolutionary context Man is no longer seen as a vitalistic being but just another evolved configuration of matter, and who knows what other evolutions have taken place on other planets, thus making Earth just another pretty nondescript location even from a biological stand point. It is this progressive demotion of the once pinnacle of creation which, I submit, worries GB, a demotion which he expresses as “… making man insignificant, belittling God's created Earth with no special status”

In my last Middlebrow Atheism post I mentioned an even more extreme form of symmetry – that is, the disposing of all laws of physics and assigning probability as uniformly (in other words, symetrically) as possible over the whole configurational domain; in this cosmos of maximum disorder the laws of physics are purely a chance effect. This comprehensive super-universe is only topped by Max Tegmark’s Mathematical Universe Hypothesis: As the MUH Wiki page says: Tegmark has… formulated the 'Ultimate ensemble theory of everything', whose only postulate is that 'all structures that exist mathematically exist also physically' . Tegmark’s proposal is an attempt to get away from any idea that only one platonic construction (namely, our own cosmos) has been specially singled out amongst all the platonic possibilities and selected for reification by an unknown choosing agent, an agent that theists readily identify with deity. In Tegmark's super-universe, no mathematical structure has a preferred status; that is, they all have the same ontological status.

Science’s Law and Disorder paradigm cannot provide an answer to the age old question of why there is something rather than nothing, and without getting into a “turtles all the way down” regress, science ultimately goes little deeper than succinct description. A theist therefore might find the sheer existence of the universe meaningful, whatever its scientifically described configuration may be. On other hand, for atheists, brute existence is a poor proof of God and the ultimate meaninglessness of the cosmos is likely to be argued for using one these hyper-symmetric cosmic models where the probability spectrum is as uniform and bland as possible, with no outcomes appearing to be specially weighted. Our theological intuitions tells us that deity is unlikely to create an apparently meaningless universe like this. Those intuitions prefer the idea that a very particular cosmic configuration, amongst all the possible configurations, has been singled out by God, thus giving our cosmos special meaning. Set against the hyper-symmetric super-universes there seems to be an implicit theological expectation that God would create a highly asymmetrical universe, and especially a very singular universe that favours life. To GB’s instincts, then, the Copernican cosmos was the start of the slippery slope leading down to the symmetrical trivialisation of God’s pinnacle of creation of man and his immediate setting.

The fundamentalist finds himself fighting a rearguard action against science’s progress toward symmetry. GB and geocentrists like him are attempting to go back to a time before they see things starting to go wrong; back to pre-Copernicanism, in other words. There is, in fact, overwhelming evidence that our universe is fundamentally highly asymmetrical: In a universe where probabilities are symmetrically distributed, the persistence of order that we see in our own very particular cosmos is extremely improbable. Therefore it follows that our kind of ordered universe does have a special weighting. But this abstruse point is unlikely to cut much ice with the no-nonsense Christian fundamentalist who much prefers a cosmos more obviously punctuated with the asymmetries of an unambiguous creative fiat closer to home; so close to home, in fact, that according to GB it is right under our feet as we stand at the centre of a universe that rotates around the Earth in a single day!

To Fly in the Teeth of The Evidence II

I notice that PZ Myers has recently posted the video below. PZ and his "raiders" are no doubt having a jolly good chuckle.

I first posted briefly on this subject here. These Young Earth Creationists really have succeeded in making fools of themselves. OK so we can laugh, but don't forget that about 40% (last figure I heard) of Americans are supposed to believe in this YEC stuff. I am wondering what impact this forcing of science into a preconceived YEC mold has on American science.  It's a little worrying that America is the leader of the Western World. Is this one of the signs that The West is History? No laughing matter really.

The underlying fundamentalist malaise seems to be one of priding itself in demonstrating faith via a kind of  fideist based self flagellation of the intellect. The more one makes an unnecessary fool of oneself in the name of faith the greater the sense of spiritual achievement. Bit by bit one is broken into assenting to increasingly bizarre and irrational beliefs/practices and before long one finds oneself on all fours barking like a dog and yet being proud of it - or should I say "pretending to be proud of it with a teeth gritting faith". This is thought of as being what "fools for Christ" and "Kingdom thinking" is all about; namely, suspending the rational mind in favour of the opinions of some jumped up religious wallah who thinks he is in touch with God. The resultant "group think" creates a peer pressure which helps ensure nobody dare dissent as that would be regarded as the thin end of the Satanic wedge. Everyone is minding everyone else's faith and keeping it in line with the group status-quo.

At least somebody around here really likes ham.

Middlebrow Atheism. Part 3

Continuing my series on naive atheism:

Video Item 06: The Wmap satellite data is consistent with inflation. Inflation implies an infinite number of pocket universes are created in an eternal process. If lots of universes are created each with different "constant" values, one of them is bound to have the right values for life. The collisions of other “bubble” universes with our own universe might show up on Wmap data making it a testable theory. Alternatively the constants (like “alpha”) could vary randomly across a large universe and eventually hit the required fine tuning values.

My Comment: The idea here is that the universe (or multiverse) is far larger in space and/or time than the observed universe; in fact so large that the universe will have available to it enough trials to make inevitable the appearance of the right fine tuning values in at least one sub-universe. The essential feature of this argument is that the fine tuning values are the result of random selection over a much larger universe than can be seen by Earth based observers. The essence of this idea can, in fact, be taken much further: Why should the values of the constants remain constant within our sub-universal region? In fact why should even the form of the laws of physics remain uniform within one sub-universal domain? If we are going to moot the idea of a super-universe that is immensely large compared to our own tiny universe we don’t actually require any laws at all: Viz: Why not resort to that classic notion of a universe simply running at maximum disorder all of the time? If so then this will mean, of course, that any selected outcome, given enough time and/or space, will make an appearance. In this context the postulated high disorder implies no configurations have a probability weighted above random expectations.

Assuming that our universe is a (very) small and unrepresentative domain in a maximally disordered super-universe the question remains as to why it should make any difference theologically speaking. The difference seems to stem from the underlying theological expectation that any God worth His salt would not create a universe where probability is spread so thinly over the space of possibilities that configurations we consider to be anthropologically significant and meaningful have no special weighting. This theology expects a God created universe to be weighted in favour of life, and this is regarded as the signature of Divine contrivance. This, I think, is the implicit theological assumptions shared by both sides.

But having said that, on further reflection it turns out that it is very unlikely that our particular universe is just a very small part of a super-universe where complete disorder reigns. You see, if our universe, with its remarkable laws and constants was one of these unrepresentative patterns in a sea of maximum disorder, then that would mean the laws physics are, in fact, an “illusion of chance”. Our sub-universe, being a highly unrepresentative ordered pattern, would mean that probability would not favour its persistence and therefore the longer it hangs around the more likely it is that our universe is not just a highly improbable fluke, but intrinsically constrained to be patterned in an ordered way. It follows then that the visible universe, whatever those fine tuning variables are doing elsewhere, is still showing an unwarranted level of order; whatever way you spin it, it’s a mysterious free lunch. Thus the cosmos presents us with two non-trivial problems. 1) Why should there be any patterned substrate at all – that is “why is there something rather than nothing”? and 2) Why is our sub-universe so persistently ordered? In short we are faced with a non-trivial Grand Logical Hiatus that is with us day by day, moment by moment, place by place. So the Wmap data, whatever it shows, takes us back to square one.

Gob Smacked

The video below was embedded by William Dembski on Uncommon Descent (See here). It shows a snippet taken from a debate that includes theologian and philosopher William Lane Craig and atheist scientist Peter Atkins.

Principally the snippet is Craig’s response to Atkins’ scientism, a scientism which Atkins expresses well in the following terms:

“…It [science] alone is adequate…. the fact that science is omnipotent… Do you [Craig] deny that science can’t account for everything?...”

In answer William Lane Craig gives the following list of “rational beliefs that cannot be proven by science”.

1. Logical and mathematical truth.

2. Metaphysical truths, like the existence of other minds the reality of the external world, and the belief that the past wasn’t created five minutes ago with an appearance of age,

3. Ethical beliefs are not accessible to science. For example it can’t show by science that the Nazis were unethical.

4. Aesthetic judgments can’t be scientifically proven

5. Science can’t be justified by the scientific method. Science is permeated with assumptions that cannot be proven – e.g. the one way speed of light.

If I get time I might look at some of these items. (In fact I once looked at item 5 here). In the meantime if you are wondering what it means “to be gob-smacked” just have a look at Atkins’ face.

Atkins looks to be one of those people who has a totalizing take on reality; at least in sense that he regards science as epistemologically complete …adequate…omnipotent… everything. He is therefore unlikely to favour the idea that as far as we humans are concerned reality is epistemologically, as well as ontologically, open ended; for him science is the last word in knowing. One can’t help but wonder if Atkins wanting to draw a line round the whole of reality in the sense of thinking it to be comprehensively amenable to particular epistemic methods and assumptions, is as much a comfort blanket to Atkins as he claims a belief in God is for theists. Totalizing agendas of this kind often go together with totalitarianism (cf Marxism) because totalizers are usually so confident in their views that they are unlikely to accept that there are objects out there that their views and methods don’t cover. In particular, they may dislike the idea that some questions present ambiguities that admit more than one interpretation.

There is a very general contention between theory and experience that occurs as we attempt to theorise about reality, but this contention is far from what can be called formal science: We try to fit the dots of experience with an overall world view (see my sidebar), but let’s face it experience differs from person to person. Moreover, one experience set may admit more than one sense-making-world-view and therefore even two people with similar experience may disagree on the big questions. Evaluating which world view is best fit is often difficult. As each of us faces the challenge of unlocking the riddles of our cosmos we certainly don’t use formal science - rather we use the texts of our society, hopefully an open society, to synthesize our best shot at ontology. Our solutions to those riddles are often quick and dirty, but “quick and dirty” doesn't necessarily equate to wrong. But whatever, we must hold those views with humility. Atkins, of course, doesn’t do epistemic humility; he’s quite sure he has found the answer, to epistemology at least.

Let’s get one thing straight. This isn’t just about theism. One doesn’t have to be a theist to see that Atkins totalising sentiments are flawed. This is less about theism than it is about pundits who wish to plug all the openings and close off reality so that they can declare epistemology and ontology they don’t like as off-limits and irrational. At stake is an intellectual democracy. As is so often the case with totalisers they are not at all keen on epistemic outsiders as those outsiders are an implicit challenge to their totalizing views: As the sectarian saying goes “If you are not with us you are against us and if you are against us you are against the truth” . Because they believe their views to be so obviously true they are suspicious of the motives of those who don’t agree with them. Those “outside the truth” are suspected of having compromised consciences and thus are liable to be morally impugned in some way: For example Larry Moran, who believes his view of science to be the exclusive way of knowing, is not convinced of William Lane Craig’s integrity; he accuses Craig of typical "anti-science trickery" and "cheap shots". He tells us that “It's not that these five things are devastating arguments against the power of science, it's that each one would take at least an hour to explain”. And are we supposed to believe that an hour’s explanation would be the definitive last word simply because it comes from the lips of someone who espouses scientism? I suspect Craig could give us two hours explanation and probably a lot more. When is Larry going to learn that reality is open ended?

STOP PRESS. 15/03/11
Here are some of the comments that have appeared on Larry Moran’s blog in response to the video:

DK: Of course there are things that science can't adequately deal with. So what? Who cares? Was anyone stupid enough to suggest that science is everything? It's just a tool and immensely useful one. Is that not enough?


My Comment. That’s a very reasonable statement DK. However, some of us do care. Do you have a problem with that?

Arabiflora: I also would not stake the latter claim [of omnipotence] and merely agree with DK that the utilitarian value of science is enough to justify its status as the most effective "way of knowing".


My Comment: That’s reasonable as well

PZ Myers: Arabiflora got the gist of it. It isn't just justifying, because we can do that adequately; Craig shifts the goalposts and demands that a lot of metaphysics and speculative philosophy must beproven, and science doesn't deal in proofs. So sure, I can't prove I'm not a brain in a vat that was created 5 minutes ago with memories of the past 50+ years. So? That is not a useful hypothesis.


My Comment: Come on PZ, I’m sure you know that Craig is smart enough to have used “proven” in a relative sense, just as you mean “evolution is a fact” in a relative sense.

Mike D: I'm a bit mystified by Peter Atkins' statement that science is "omnipotent"…


My Comment: So I am.

Ian H: Debating is as much a performance art as anything else and, like it or not, Craig comes across as a better speaker than Peter Atkins - certainly more glib and facile and a better tactician. It is also tactically inept to gift your opponent easy targets by making wildly extravagant claims about science being "omnipotent" and able to "explain everything".

My Comment: Another very reasonable response.

Anonymous: The five points:
1) Logical and mathematical truths
2) Metaphysical truths
3) Ethical beliefs (moral absolutes)
4) Aesthetic judgments
5) Science itself
I would deny the existence of 3) and 4) beyond what can be scientifically demonstrated to exists and thus be explained. 5) can be split up into 1) and 2) and these two things can probably not be justified by science.

My Comment: I might agree with much of that.


Summing Up: Not a bad set of comments at all. I am gratified to see that Atkins “totalizing” sentiments are not echoed here. One hopes that Atkins himself in retrospect might regret his over statement. Philosophically, then, I'm satisfied with most of the above comments. But what I really think is at the bottom of this has less to do with the sweet reasonableness of philosophy than it does the fact that Craig made Atkins look so stupid. For a community that prides itself on its reasonableness this hurts. So not surprisingly we also see the following comments:

Ian H: People underestimate Craig. He is very good at what he does and it takes more then being a crusty old curmudgeon or gnu atheist to beat him.


Mike D: Craig is such a charlatan


Anonymous: Craig is a one trick pony and a cheap confidence trickster. You fight him by keeping him off balance and ripping off his mask to expose his fraudulent self.


DK: This is why debating religious nuts is a waste of time. They should simply be ignored.


As you can see suspicion is rife and relationships have broken down completely. In spite of what the above are saying Craig isn't a sewer rat and I’m sure he has many worthwhile things to say but the above community won’t be listening to him. In this context debate is a gladiatorial activity and spectator sport where tactics count; all's fair in love and war and killing your opponent is what it's all about. No one is taking prisoners and the two sides are intent on gutting one another.

Peter Atkins looks gutted.

The Fate of Man, by William Shakespeare

It’s debatable whether or not Shakespeare was an atheist. Sir Kenneth Clark, in his TV series Civilisation, referred to him as sceptical and free of dogma. An episode of Sir Ken’s series included two pieces of Shakespeare that might be relevant to Shakespeare’s views and I post them below. The first is from Hamlet:

HAMLET: How long will a man lie i' the earth ere he rot?

GRAVE DIGGER: I' faith, if he be not rotten before he die--as we have many pocky corses now-a-days, that will scarce hold the laying in--he will last you some eight year or nine year: a tanner will last you nine year

HAMLET: Why he more than another?

GRAVE DIGGER: Why, sir, his hide is so tanned with his trade, that he will keep out water a great while; and your water is a sore decayer of your whoreson dead body. Here's a skull now; this skull has lain in the earth three and twenty years.

HAMLET: Whose was it?

GRAVE DIGGER: A whoreson mad fellow's it was: whose do you think it was?

HAMLET: Nay, I know not.

GRAVE DIGGER: A pestilence on him for a mad rogue! a' poured a flagon of Rhenish on m head once. This same skull, sir, was Yorick's skull, the king's jester.

HAMLET: This?

GRAVE DIGGER: E'en that.

HAMLET: Let me see. (Takes the skull) Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio: a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy: he hath borne me on his back a thousand times; and now, how abhorred in my imagination it is! my gorge rims at it. Here hung those lips that I have kissed I know not how oft. Where be your gibes now? Your gambols? your songs? your flashes of merriment, that were wont to set the table on a roar? Not one now, to mock your own grinning? quite chap-fallen? Now get you to my lady's chamber, and tell her, let her paint an inch thick, to this favour she must come; make her laugh at that. Prithee, Horatio, tell me one thing.

HORATIO: What's that, my lord?

HAMLET: Dost thou think Alexander looked o' this fashion i' the earth?

HORATIO: E'en so.

HAMLET: And smelt so? pah! (Puts down the skull)

HORATIO: E'en so, my lord.

HAMLET: To what base uses we may return, Horatio! Why may not imagination trace the noble dust of Alexander, till he find it stopping a bung-hole?

HORATIO: 'Twere to consider too curiously, to consider so.

HAMLET: No, faith, not a jot; but to follow him thither with modesty enough, and likelihood to lead it: as thus: Alexander died, Alexander was buried, Alexander returneth into dust; the dust is earth; of earth we make loam; and why of that loam, whereto he was converted, might they not stop a beer-barrel? Imperious Caesar, dead and turn'd to clay, Might stop a hole to keep the wind away: O, that that earth, which kept the world in awe, Should patch a wall to expel the winter flaw!

My Comment: As I mentioned in my last post, when we interact with people we don’t think about then in behaviorist terms; neither do we think about them as the dynamics (or behavior) of their constituent particles (or “dust” as Hamlet’s sixteenth century mind would have it), instead we think about humans in para-phenomenological terms – that is we understand their behavior as the outward manifestation of conscious cognition, and its concomitants of intention, purpose and meaning. Matter, humble matter, appears to host this para-phenomenon for a season and then it returns to disorganized dust. Hamlet ponders the paradox and irony of how matter once so exalted can, in due course, become so banal; where has it all gone? Can it really all evaporate so easily and so inconsequentially? 'Twere to consider too curiously, to consider so.

And now a piece from Macbeth.

MACBETH: To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow,

Creeps in this petty pace from day to day

To the last syllable of recorded time,

And all our yesterdays have lighted fools

The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle!

Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player

That struts and frets his hour upon the stage

And then is heard no more: it is a tale

Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,

Signifying nothing.

My Comment: If we define hell as a place where God is so remote that he may as well not exist, a place without hope, meaning, purpose, significance and utterly pointless, then it seems that the self serving Macbeth has found that place.

Middlebrow Atheism. Part 2.

Continuing my series on naive atheism:

Video Item 04: An apologetic which makes use of Cosmic Fine-tuning as an argument for God is an argument from ignorance. When religion can’t explain something (like fine tuning) it gives up and says “A magic man done it!” The complaint here is, I think, against a style of argument such as “We can’t explain fine tuning; therefore God….” Conversely, “We can explain fine tuning; therefore God is not needed…”

My Comments: The video considers the example of the “finely tuned” flatness of space, a feature which Alan Guth’s inflationary theory provides a possible in explanation (along with the horizon problem). In contrast the video tells us of theists who prefer to believe that this particular kind of fine tuning is down to direct Divine contrivance. It is ironic that the mindset of these theists is commensurate enough with the video producers for them both to agree that if one succeeds in finding a law and disorder mechanism to do a job then that makes the occasional intrusion of Divine intervention redundant. The underlying theology here takes it for granted that there is a conflict between Divine agency and the agency of Law and Disorder. The upshot of this kind of theology is that atheists want to maximise the role of law and disorder and theists want to minimize it. The underlying thinking here is subliminally deistical: The thought is that if deity can create mechanisms that manage and run themselves this sets a subversive precedent for theists that ultimately puts a squeeze on theism: The “God of the gaps” deity conjured up by this common vision of God would not be needed at all if mechanisms can be found capable of creating mechanisms thus filling in all the gaps.

We must concede that it is at least conceivable that Law and Disorder mechanisms could, in principle, return a complete description of the Universe, but as I pointed out in my last post this either leaves us ultimately with an irreducible Grand Logical Hiatus or if we proceed to explain the explanations with law and disorder we get caught in a kind of “turtles all the way down” regress – or another way of looking at it, a “contexts all the way up” regress, of which multiverse theories may well be a practical manifestation of this principle at work. Either way it seems inconceivable that law and disorder science will ever obviate contingency and provide us with self necessity. Law and disorder are too elementary as mathematical objects to provide aseity.

The constructs of law and disorder science, no matter how successful as a source of information about the patterns of our cosmos, are destined to leave us with an enigmatic status quo. Thus, in an absolute sense science has taken us little further forward than the pre-Neolithic hunter gatherers who, in their own way, were also very accomplished in the art of comprehending the ways of their environment; although, of course, they didn’t achieve this understanding using formal and institutionalized science. Traditionally, the role of religion was less about the description of the status quo, than it was getting behind this status quo often by imagining the activity of the cosmos to be the manifestation of personified agents. The religious imagination, which sees the world of phenomenon as the interface to the numinous, is not unlike the folk understanding of conscious cognition, an understanding that looks beyond behaviorism and sees consciousness, purpose, intention and meaning behind observable human activity. Likewise, the role of deity goes deeper than the mere description of the phenomenal status quo and, as in the analogous case of human behaviour, it imputes intelligence, purpose, intention, and meaning to the cosmos. Divine conscious cognition is thought of as running in parallel with phenomenal reality and supplying it with a deeper reason than is possible with mechanistic explanation. The “reason” referred to here is not the mechanical reason constituted by the logical operations of low level elemental objects but rather the purposes and intentions of the a-priori complex construct of sentience, a construct understood in terms of consciousness, intention and meaning. Human beings have no idea what it is like to be a fundamental elemental like a particle, but they do know what it is like to be a causative sentient agent and therefore they better connect with paraphenomenal explanations grounded in the personal rather than in the elemental.

Whether the religious ontology of personification has a status that goes beyond mythology is not the issue here; rather at issue is the naivety of the video in placing the numinous on the level of the phenomenal and treating it as in competition with law and disorder explanation. The video, then, no more engages the ontology of God as it is properly conceived, than behaviorism engages how one person actually thinks about another person in person to person interaction; in those interactions people are not thought in behaviorist terms but instead ostensive behavior is regarded as the interface to a first person perspective of conscious cognition. But just as there are philosophical doubts about whether irreducible first person ontology is real, so there are analogous doubts about the reality of God.

That religious thinking constructs a paraphenomenal world may help explain why it remains unchallenged by the deistical theology that sees God as an auxiliary explanatory device resorted to when law and disorder explanation fails. In a more sophisticated theology God is conceived of as an entity of an entirely different genus to law and disorder manifestations. Therefore it is no surprise that religion is impervious to the challenge of the deistical God of the gaps theology we see in this video.

To Fly in the Teeth of The Evidence

James Knight, who has well and truly slagged off the nonsense of Young Earth Creationism on his blog, got a comment from Henry Morris-Junior-Junior, the grandson of Henry Morris-senior-senior, one of the authors of the seminal YEC volume “The Genesis Flood”. In his own comment James points out that pathological factors are probably at the bottom of the thinking of YEC scientists. I pick up this theme up in my own comment on James’ blog, which I reproduce here:

Hi James,

One of the pathological factors you refer to may be vested interest – in fact to the tune of many millions of dollars of vested interest. Money has been poured into the Young Earth Project and you’re not going to easily convince those who have so much to lose financially, not to mention loss of face. With this emotional and financial investment at stake, it is likely to be an exercise in utter futility to attempt to open up a discussion with a fully paid up YEC clan member. They are desperate and perhaps even desperate and dangerous!

Moreover, Henry Morris-Junior-Junior is misleading us over the soundness of YEC research: e.g. We currently have two contradictory star light “solutions” on offer at AiG - the latest in a series of abortive “solutions” starting with Henry Morris-senior-senior’s mooting the concept of a virtual universe bathed in a sea of bogus light messages created en-route!. The latest “solutions” I’m thinking of are from Russ Humphreys and Jason Lisle respectively. The former has a theory which suggests that the distant galaxies are millions if not billions of years old and the latter has another theory which suggest they are only 6000 years old – quite a bit of community dissonance there I think.

In any case questions of both theology and science are invariably open ended and subject to possible revision as new data and new interpretations come to light. In the YEC community we see some quite drastic revisions going on (re: start light) which raises doubts over the soundness of their mental processes. But one thing the YECs just won’t do – no, make that “can’t do” - is revise their interpretation of the meaning of Genesis 1 & 2. On this issue they really have built themselves into a corner! For them it’s a desperate fight to the death with everything to lose! People this desperate just can’t do objective science because they are incapable of the dispassionate judgments needed in science. Best leave them to their own extremist devices and the applause of their ignorant followers, an applause which gives them the confidence and the feel good factor they so desperately need.

This desperado is in need of the feel good factor!

***

Laughing Stock

It is difficult to believe that YECs really do believe that the carnivorous bi-pedal dinosaurs were originally designed to be herbivorous, so I had a quick look on Answers in Genesis to see if I could find such an admission. The best I found was here where we read that “We know that both dinosaurs and humans were vegetarian in the beginning.” (Incidentally the AiG article I’ve just linked to admits that no humans remains have ever been found with dinosaur fossils and tries to explain this awkward fact away). In this connection it is also interesting to note that in their children’s section on animals AiG make the appalling claim that the following fauna were originally vegetarian: Tiger, cheetah, Jackal, great horned owl, peregrine falcon, boa constrictor, bald eagle, black tip reef shark and crocodile. (However I don’t understand why some of the sea going carnivores like the octopus and the blacktip reef shark weren’t given an “originally vegetarian” status)

Given the foregoing it is no wonder that AiG are a laughing stock. Set against the findings of AiG there is, I hardly need say, a wide scientific and international consensus across disparate and independently funded scientific communities between which there are often some healthy rivalries and arguments. In contrast AiG is part of a relatively tight knit religious community who will put this consensus down to the manipulation of Satan and therefore they a very ready to use religious intimidation and the threat of Divine displeasure to propagate their cause.  - 05/03/11

Musical Interlude: Is it a Dream?

For Classix Nouveaux fans here is what claims to be a rare low budget original: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAiKC1FEc-A&feature=related

Middlebrow Atheism. Part 1.

The video above was posted on PZ Myers’ blog under the heading “When will that fine tuning argument evaporate?” In this series of postings I will be working my way through the issues it raises. But before I do we should recall that the “hard” science of physics uses two main kinds of explanatory object to describe our world:

a) Functions (or laws) capable of generating patterns which putatively describe the configurations of our world. These functions by and large come under the Church-Turing thesis which conjectures that all such functions can be rendered computationally.

b) Disordered configurations that can be treated statistically.

Using my own short hand I refer to these two kinds of explanatory object as “Law and Disorder”. Given this pair of explanatory objects I’m mindful of three caveats:

a) Although physics has successfully used Law and Disorder to describe large swathes of reality there is no obvious reason why objects which do not come under the heading of either law or disorder should not exist.

b) Even if physics can successfully explain the whole Cosmos it is clearly impractical for all the patterns in our world to be reduced to physics. For example, history has no practical way of using “Law and Disorder” explanations in the thoroughgoing sense that physics attempts to use them. Thus history is likely to remain a very narrative intense discipline. In short history is practically, if not theoretically, irreducible too Law and Disorder.

c) Law and Disorder explanations, no matter how successful, are destined to leave an inevitable Grand Logical Hiatus, an irreducible kernel of brute fact. Attempts to explain a given law and disorder regime using law and disorder is liable to lead to a kind of “turtles all the way down” regress. It may well be that multiverse explanations are sign of this logical/mathematical barrier as attempts are made to explain the cosmic context by embedding it within higher contexts (a kind of “contexts all the way up” explanation)

Now to deal with the video item by item:

Video Item 01: Given that the overwhelming majority of the Universe in space and time is clearly sterile it is hardly appropriate to suggest that the Universe is finely tuned for life.

My Comment: The video comes up with a rough upper limit on the cosmic ratio of life to non-life in the order of 1 to 10 to the power of 100. The implicit conclusion is that given the presence of life in terms of space-time occupied is so trivial, then life has too small a representation to claim the universe is finely tuned for it. But this calculation gives a false impression: We should not be looking at physical space and time but combinatorial space, the space of possibilities unconstrained by an apparently arbitrary set of laws and constants. Amongst the class of all possibilities the overwhelming number of configurations is disordered. Inside that class the complex ordered configurations of life has a representation as negligible as 1 in 10 to the power of many trillions (and I’m probably understating it). Thus, even if there should be only a single planet in the whole visible Cosmos that contains a few replicating cells, this seems an unwarranted over representation of an otherwise very unrepresentative class of configuration. Therefore, from the perspective of the visible universe it seems that the cosmos (presumably, as a result of its particular L&R regime) is highly skewed toward life. It follows that the existence of life cannot be trivialized away as a non-problem – we clearly have a non-trivial question of why the visible Universe is overwhelmingly biased toward life. So in this sense, contrary to the claim of the video, the visible Universe is fine tuned.

Video Item 02: Since we don’t know what space of possibilities the universe has been taken from we can’t work out any probabilities in regard to its apparent fine tuning. Probabilities in this connection are meaningless.

My Comment: Yes and No. “Yes”, because we don’t know the engine that has generated our Cosmos, a Cosmos with its particular laws and constants which favour life. Thus we can’t assign a probability in the way that we can assign a probability to patterns generated by tossing a coin. We simply don’t yet have a well understood generating context for the Universe. In any case who knows whether the “universe generator” is a multiple trial system like a kind of cosmic tossing machine that creates universes?  Positing such rather makes the assumption that some kind of disorder mechanism akin to coin tossing is at work. In particular perhaps the mechanism that has generated our Cosmos lies between the extremes of disorder and the high order of physical laws, in which case the concept of probability may be meaningless.

And “No” because in spite of the fact that the probabilities of a configuration of fine tuned parameters cannot be meaningfully quantified, we are still left with the extreme rarity of the visible Universe in the space of all possibilities. Given that we don’t know why one possibility should be chosen over another, each possibility seems to be of equal weight. Given that disorder far outweighs order then it is clear that our universe is taken from a very a-typical class, thus leaving us with the non-trivial question of its selection. So contrary to the suggestion of the video we can still have an appreciation of the remarkable singularity, if not the improbability, of the visible universe

Video Item 03: The probability of a particular configuration generated by the tosses of a coin or the cards withdrawn from a shuffled pack has a vanishingly small probability and yet nobody claims it is miracle of creation given that these configurations arise routinely in gambling casinos.

My Comment: The reason why nobody bats an eyelid when a particular sequence of, say, coin tosses arises is to do with the class of the outcome. Disordered configurations have an overwhelming representation in the class of possibility. Hence, if a random process generates disordered configurations this is to be expected as such configurations are selected from an overwhelmingly large class and therefore the selection of an item from this class is overwhelmingly probable. However, if a process generates ordered configurations, especially the complex ordered configurations of life, this presents us with a non-trivial problem as these configurations are taken from a class that has a vanishingly small representation in the class of possibility. Thus, given that compared to the huge space of platonic possibility the visible Universe is in fact quite a small cosy place, we are left with a non-trivial question of why such a unique class is so favoured as to make an appearance in our tiny universe. Contrary to the suggestion of the video, then, the structures of the Universe are startling rather than banal

…to be continued…

Big Ideas that Don’t Float.

Too many holes in this concept for it too float, even if the ornamental pond was big enough.

It seems that Jason Lisle of Answers in Genesis is convinced that his "Anisotropic Synchrony Convention" solution to the YEC Star Light problem is “still going strong”, three months after its publication in September 2010. In this blog entry on AiG dated 3rd January he says:

So far, no one has published in a peer-reviewed journal any criticism of this model. Of course, there have been some evolutionists who simply mocked the paper since it goes against their strongly held beliefs. But that is hardly a rational response. So far, no rebuttals have been submitted for publication in the ARJ, (=Answers Research Journal) which would be the scholarly way to point out problems with a published model. This gives us increased confidence in the ASC model. ASC seems to lack the scientific problems which plague other creation-based starlight models and enjoys much scriptural support as well.

Over a month later he’s still got no responses and in a blog entry  dated 10 February he says:

In my last blog entry, I mentioned that no one has yet published any attempted rebuttal of the Anisotropic Synchrony Convention (ASC) model. I was rather hoping that someone would make the attempt, so that I could then write a follow-up article. Sometimes the best way to show the strength of a model is to show the weaknesses in attempted rebuttals. Although no one has submitted any rebuttals to the Answers Research Journal.

He then goes on to consider some questions sent to him that revolve round attempts to measure the one way speed of light, which is not the way to fault Lisle’s work. In my blog entry here I considered Lisle’s model. I suggested that Lisle’s requirement of an anisotropy in the speed of light such that it is infinite or nearly infinite along a geocentric pattern of radials directed toward the vicinity of the Earth, implies that the space-time metrical tensor varies from place, thus setting up a gravitational field. This means that the “Anisotropic Synchrony Convention”,  as Lisle uses it, is not an arbitrary convention at all but is, in fact, physical. He seems to have been mislead by the fact that the one way speed of light is non-physical if and only if the direction of the anisotropy is independent of position.

It seems fairly obvious to me that not many mainstream scientists take the “Answers Research Journal” seriously enough to submit rebuttals. Also, I don’t think many peer reviewed journals would want ARJ in their reference lists. So take my advice Jason, don’t place too much store by the fact that you haven’t received rebuttals from mainstream science - you will probably have to go on hoping for that and continue comforting yourself with the thought that this is “hardly a rational response”. In any case it is doubtful if many of those mainstreamers would want to be seen mixing with a community who have launched this big idea upon the world - or rather should I say “not launched it” because it doesn’t look as though AiG are actually going to attempt to float it. I’m sure you’ve noticed Jason that the mainstreamers are not taking you very seriously. As for me, I’m simply a hobbyist who is fascinated by the exclusive sectarian religious backwaters such as we see at AiG, so I am sorry that I can’t offer you much reflected glory either.

But I digress. There is one important admission by Jason Lisle that says it all. He believes his model lacks…

….the scientific problems which plague other creation-based starlight models …

Didn’t we know that all along? Looks like AiG are going to have to swim 4 it after all.

Beyond Our Ken. On Mature Creation Part 3.

The God Delusion: Are the Depths of Space a Simulacrum?

In the previous part of this series we left our Ken (Ham) sailing close the wind on the issue of mature creation. Could Ken successfully distinguish between historical and a-historical objects, thus enabling him to unambiguously define a class of object that can be created ex-nihilo, “just like that”, without incurring the penalty of an implicit bogus history? If he can find this class then a Creator could conjure up a cosmos of these objects, “just like that”, and this thoroughly a-historical universe can then act as the boot-strap for a subsequent history. But conceiving a thoroughgoing a-historical universe is no mean task; the real world is strewn with evidences of history. For example, Adam’s infamous navel seems a fairly open and shut case; it clearly signifies a history in the womb, a history that according to a literal interpretation of the Adam and Eve story never happened. Therefore, as we saw in Part 2, Adam’s navel is banned at "Answers in Genesis". But the demarcation between what is historical and what is a-historical is not always obvious: I was surprised to see that Ken was quite comfortable with the idea that the trees in the Garden of Eden were created with tree rings, rings that speak silently of a history of differential growth. So which evidences of apparent history does Ken and AiG permit and which do they not permit?

There is no doubt that Ken and AiG are doing their damndest to try and restore integrity to YEC science by attempting to use science to explain how blatantly historical features are consistent with a short 6000 year history. For example, AiG do not deny that continental drift has occurred, and they try to reconcile it with their time frame using a theory of run-a-way subduction. Whatever the rights and wrongs of this theory we note that AiG at least respect the geological observations enough to attempt to build a theory around them, rather than just shrugging their shoulders as if science was beneath their otherworldly spirituality.

But the difficulties with Ken’s and AiG’s attempt to find a compromise with science not only runs counter to mainstream science but also, according to YEC scientist John Byl, to the very concept of mature creation itself. Ultra fundamentalist John Byl has written a book called “God and Cosmos” and in this book he is critical of YEC cosmologies that attempt to solve the star light travel time problem. Towards the end of his book Byl reviews some of these cosmologies including the cosmology of Russ Humphreys whose ideas I looked at here and here. Byl concludes that within his purview all these theories are wanting because they all employ ad-hoc features – that is, they attempt to fix the books with special pleading (See God and Cosmos, Byl 2001):

P201 In conclusion, while it is clear that various creationist cosmologies can be constructed, it must be acknowledged that most of these models are rather ad-hoc, have not been worked out in much detail, and often have few distinctive observational implications. As such they are unlikely to convince skeptics.

The difficulty of creating “mature” objects without incurring a “bogus history” penalty was mentioned in my last post. Byl obligingly gives us another example of this difficulty in relation to star formation:

P195 It must be generally assumed that stars were not formed via a long natural process, but were created virtually instantaneously in a miraculous fashion. A star created as a unit would have its various parts in appropriate gravitational, thermal and radiative relationships otherwise the star would not remain stable. Light at the surface of a star would not have originated from the interior of the star as would be assumed by theories of stellar evolution. Rather, such light would have been created at the surface, ‘en route’, and could be interpreted to have an apparent prior history.

To reinforce the point Byl goes on to say:

P196 Similar considerations apply to an entire galaxy created as unit in mature form. It would be created complete with all its constituent parts: stars and gas, their gravitational fields, and light radiation. Both the light photons and gravitational effects would have been created ‘en route’, but apparently originating from stars. The same reasoning could be applied to clusters of galaxies and even larger systems that seem to be in gravitational interaction. In a young universe, with insufficient time for gravity to act, they would have to be created as a unit, complete with their internal gravitational interactions. If gravity moves at the speed of light, as assumed by general relativity, then creating large astronomical objects with gravitational fields in place seems equivalent to creating light photons 'en route'.

On a stellar and cosmic scale Byl asserts that “just like that” creationism cannot avoid an appearance of history and he is probably right. In consequence it seems that he favours going back to Whitcomb and Morris’ idea of the whole cosmic shebang being created with a bogus history of star light travel and super novae events:

P196: It is thus a small step to extend the notion of mature creation to the entire universe. Could not the whole astronomical cosmos have been created as a full blown unit, complete, not only with stars and galaxies in gravitational interaction, but also with photons of light created at the same instant as the stars from which they are apparently derived as suggested by John C Whitcomb and Henry Morris?

P201 It must be kept in mind that….if the creation of light (or gravity) en route is ruled out on the grounds that God is not deceptive, this applies equally to the instantaneous creation of mature clusters of galaxies, single galaxies and even stars. All these objects, being of finite size, would apparently have needed a period of time for all the gravitational and radiative interactions to form properly functioning wholes. Instantaneous creation would necessarily have created fictitious past histories for gravitation and light.

Byl does make an attempt to justify the acceptance of bogus histories. In response to the charge that bogus history entails a kind of deception by God Byl mentions an argument by Andrews:

P200 How valid is this charge? Andrews argues that God can hardly be charged with deception if mature creation is revealed in scripture.

Andrews notes that God does at times hide the truth from the “wise and prudent” while revealing it to babes (matt 11:25). The fault should be attributed to those whose minds are blinded rather than to God. …. God sends a strong delusion upon those who reject the truth, to make them believe that which is false.

In support of this “God delusion” , so to speak, Byl quotes Roy Clouser:

Scripture does say that God cannot lie (Titus 1:2, Heb 6:18), but these remarks occur in an explicitly covenantal context meaning that he cannot lie to believers because he has promised not to. It should be borne in mind that at other loci Scripture specifically says that God deceives those who are not believers (See Ezek 14:9, 2 Thess 2:11)

According to the foregoing “bogus history” is God’s method of deceiving unbelievers into believing a lie. Contrary to Roy Clouser’s statement, however, it seems that the Divine deception has also taken in a lot of believers; unless, of course, Byl and Clouser don’t class them as believers, in which case they deserve to be deceived by God’s “white lie” according to them! In Byle’s world bogus history, and even Divine deception, is above board and morally justified. This moral justification is all but forced on Byl because in cosmology mature creation and bogus history are so very difficult separate: For example, as Byl himself suggests, it is difficult to imagine the creation of mature galaxies and stars without a concomitant bogus history being built into them. In the face of this difficulty Byl is forced to go as far to propose how Divine Deception can be whitewashed.

Whether bogus history theory and Divine deception can, in fact, be justified is not the point - the point is that it leaves Ken Ham and Co with one almighty cosmic problem. They find themselves caught between the devil and the deep blue sea: Either they accept a thoroughgoing version of bogus history theory as suggested by Byl or they face the tough task of getting their cosmological theories right. They appear to have opted for the latter, of course, but as Byl points out, these theories are, so far, rather ad-hoc and consequently they have the touch and feel of contrivance. On top of that, as Byl also points out, without resort to bogus histories star and galaxy formation seem especially difficult subjects for YECs. The difficulties of separating out historical and a-historical objects are compounded in cosmology.

Spurred on by their rather half baked cosmologies my guess is that AiG are likely to hunker down and hope that a cosmology will one day pop out of the wood work which reconciles the paradox of a mere 6000 year history with stellar interactions that require tens of thousands, even millions of years to mature. Instead John Byl’s alternative vision of the entire Cosmos as a charade is unthinkable. Byl is willing to extrapolate “instantaneous” star and galaxy formation to the whole Cosmos, thus raising the spectre of an enormous divinely perpetrated illusion intended to deceive mankind. This deception would be no one-off and carefully framed miracle like say the conversion of water into wine; instead the deception is on a routine and huge scale. For, as Byl hints, “unbelieving” man looks into the cosmos and is deceived into thinking it is a real cosmos when in fact he is seeing something that is not there, or rather I should say something that was not there millions of years ago. Science, of course would be helpless in the face of this misleading data as the universe would no longer have a rational integrity and coherence. Ironically then, Byl presents us with the prospect of God as the first postmodernist, the creator of a hyperreality and simulacrum on a stupendous scale, a simulacrum designed to foil the grand narratives of science.

Amazing, I know, but like John Byl's Cosmos, it's not really there!

…to be continued…


STOP PRESS 26/2/2011: Somebody has sent me a link to this review of John Byl's book "God and Cosmos". It outlines some of the flaws in Byl's thinking, in particular Byl's anti-realism.

More Monsters from the Id

"The oldest and greatest emotion of mankind is fear, and the oldest and greatest type of fear is fear of the unknown." (H. P. Lovecraft)

This post on Uncommon Descent by Denise O’Leary is interesting; in fact I share her concerns. The post is about some research that appears to support Extra Sensory Perception. This research has “generated a mixture of amusement and scorn”.

We must bear in mind here the effect whereby many null results go unreported against the occasional publishing of  positive results, consequently skewing the publicity toward affirmative experiments. But having said that we must also factor in the natural resistance put up by those for whom any suggestion that the world is not quite as they thought is just too much to take; they will be completely unable to detach themselves from their emotional commitments.

In the wrong hands the epistemic rule “Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence” can be exploited as a pretext to block science: It is conceivable that ESP effects, if they exist, may be too subtle to register strongly with our formal methodological detectors and therefore do not have the intensity to produce extraordinary evidence. Moreover, that the underlying mechanisms for ESP are difficult to conceive can also be used as an epistemic rule to excuse a lack of imaginative effort. Not everything is necessarily an epistemological push-over. Not all ambiguity can be dispelled.

For myself I much prefer to leave white space on the edge of the map rather than either enclose the map in a heavy frame of exclusion or populate the white space with monsters from the id. If there are subtle weak signal “occult effects” out there, some toy town scientists lack a sufficient detachment from their world view to discover those effects. In fact they may be so impassioned as to actively block investigations. Science isn’t safe in their hands.

Toy town science is as unacceptable as toy town fundamentalism; for both, fear of the unknown keeps them in their epistemic play pens. The robust scientific attitude must always be a paradoxical blend of criticism, imagination, dispassion, curiosity, disinterest, commitment, adventurousness, perseverance, moral courage, integrity, and above all epistemic humility: Good science requires both the right intellectual equipment as well as the right personal traits. That these challenging traits have to be cultivated and worked on is one reason why the opinions of human beings are unreliable; because failure here is liable to be replaced with hubris, self delusion and hegemony: Whether it be fundamentalists reporting the latest bizarre miracles or toy town scientists telling us what we can’t believe in or shouldn't even investigate, both have totalizing agendas that they are determined to foist on everyone.

Beyond Our Ken: On Mature Creation. Part 2

And God created the world "Just like that"

In the first part of this series I described the necessity forced on the YECs at Answers in Genesis to categorize objects as either a-historical or historical. A-historical objects display little evidence of having a history and therefore can be claimed by YECs to have been created as is, “Just like that”. In contrast historical objects carry blatant evidence of their history and therefore in order to preserve the integrity of the creation this necessitates an historical explanation of that evidence. As Ken Ham’s organization, “Answers in Genesis”, wish to maintain a semblance of scientific integrity they at least make an attempt to provide historical explanations of historical objects. But the real problem turns out to be the difficulty of identifying just what does and what does not constitute an historical feature. The following post is a response to Ken Ham’s Mature Creation article here.

To Ken Ham the human body, especially the non-degenerative pre-fall human body, is safely a-historical and therefore can be created as is, “just like that”. According to Ken that is indeed what happened when God created Adam and Eve in Eden. But what about that perennially awkward little feature, Adam’s Navel? Well, OK then concedes AiG, Adam didn’t have a navel (see this link), because if he did it would be a blatantly historical feature and therefore suggestive of a misleading bogus history.

It’s very easy to miss that little feature we call the navel and so perhaps if we look a little closer at the human body we might find other features that have to be “deleted” in order to fit in with mature creation concepts. What about, for example, the telomeres in the genetic code? Telomeres are lengths of repetitive DNA that get shorter and shorter as cells divide and reproduce. In the normal human body cell reproduction must be continuous in order to replace dead cells. Therefore in older people, whose bodies have been refreshed by more cell divisions, the telomeres will be shorter than in younger people. This means that telomere length is a feature that, like the navel, is a tell-tale sign of a history. My guess, then, is that this age indicator would be declared by Ken Ham as absent in the pre-fall Adam. Or would he, alternatively, declare that there is no cell death and division in the perfect human body? I don’t know.

But even a human body that does not degenerate or have a navel is not obviously a-historical. Presumably, pre-fall human beings were intended to give birth to offspring and those offspring would follow a fairly standard history of development that would enable one to estimate the age of a child. Offspring would reach maturity at roughly the same age when, according to Ken, no degenerative changes would take place. Thus, when faced with an adult like Ken’s Adam a minimum age could be imputed based on the ostensive evidence of his maturity; in short, the presence of the human body, which in most cases grows and develops, has an “appearance of history” if not an appearance of age.

The human memory is another case in point. The human mind is built for learning from birth; this would be a redundant feature in the pre-formed Adam. Adam’s ability to handle and articulate the world around him would not be based on learning drawn from a life time’s experience and Ken’s Adam would have none of the proprietary features and idiosyncratic memories arising from a particular educational history. If creative integrity is to be maintained Ken’s Adam could have no memory of a history of learning; that is, no memory of the particular connections, social and physical, in which he learned his skills. Presumably, the Adam envisaged by Ken would have had a straight download of pure knowledge. In contrast natural human skill is inevitably sequenced, and built upon in stages: For example, walking cannot take place without an awareness of limbs. Awareness of limbs cannot take place without at first learning that those visual patches called arms and legs which wave around in front of us can be controlled at will. There is, then, a natural historical sequencing implicit in human cognitive skill that Ken is asking us to overlook.

That Ken is at the edge of a fuzzy category is suggested by the fact that some of the decisions he makes as to what qualifies as a-historical seem rather surprising. In the article I have linked to there is picture of some tree rings. Now, tree rings, as far as I am aware, represent a history of the differential growth of a tree; in effect tree rings are a record laid down by changes in season, weather and sun spot intensity etc. In other words tree rings are indicators of a history. So how do you think Ken should regard tree rings? Is he going to declare that the fully functioning trees in the Garden of Eden had no rings just as Adam had no navel? I was surprised at Ken’s response:

Perhaps trees even had tree rings, as a regular part of the tree’s structure.

If you had asked me in advance I would have guessed (wrongly) that Ken would have opted for “no rings”; which goes to show that it is difficult to anticipate AiG’s decisional fiat as to what categorises as historical and what is a-historical.

While we are on the subject of trees there is, in fact, more subtle evidence that trees are not a-historical. Have a look at the overstated glass fibre “Tree of Life” that graces Ken’s kitsch creation museum. (See picture). Under normal circumstances that gnarled trunk arises out of a history of differential growth. Moreover, consider the fractal nature of a tree’s structure: This may well be because their genetic code effectively contains one of those fractal growth algorithms; in which case the fractal shape of a tree is evidence of something whose form and function is bound up with its method of generation. A tree has the appearance is of something that has grown, something with a history, something that is sequenced: Looking at a tree we can say that one branch was formed after the other as a consequence of the branching dependencies in its growth algorithm. Needless to say Ken has to ignore all this and instead simply assert that trees were created in the garden “as is”, which means that they only have an appearance of history and the ostensible signs of growth are to be regarded as bogus. This is a bit like claiming that a brick wall was created ex-nihilo, when in fact the very rationale of a brick is to facilitate a step by step construction by the human hand - unless of course the wall is in Ken’s creation museum, in which case it is likely to be a façade of glass fibre and thus totally bogus.

One of the issues that troubles AiG is the second law of thermodynamics. Not only is AiG wrong in claiming that evolution violates the second law (something I have dealt with several times on this blog) but of late they have had to admit that it must part of the pre-fall physical status quo, because it is so much part of life as we know it. For example, the human body exploits the second law moment by moment. In assembling biopolymers biochemistry depends on the fact that the solutions in which the assembly takes place are in random agitation and that like Maxwell’s demon the information in DNA effectively selects and locks in the placements of atoms and molecules as and when their random motions should, perchance, find the right position. The raised Gibbs energies of biopolymers results in the cooling of the surroundings, but ultimately the extra energy needed to maintain the ambient temperate derives from the thermodynamic rundown of The Sun, thus preserving the second law. Whatever the origin of DNA itself, the assembly of biopolymers is driven by the second law. Now at one time I think it was current thinking amongst YECs that the second law of thermodynamics was part of the inheritance of the fall (See The Genesis Flood, by Whitcomb and Morris, P224). However, the inseparable integration of the second law with the dynamics of our world have made this view impossible and now we find AiG suggesting that this law is so essential to the running of the cosmos that it is impossible to do without it. In this article AiG note that second law is necessary in digestion, friction, breathing, the heating of the Earth by the sun, heat transfer etc – the list goes on. In short a pre-fall world where the second law doesn’t apply is unimaginable.

But this leaves AiG between a rock and hard place. Now, in principle it is conceivable to imagine a human being whose genetic makeup facilitated the continuous refreshment of the bodily structure, thus preventing aging in the degeneration sense; as long as the information required to maintain the structural status quo was not lost then the human body would not age. However, the AiG admission that the second law is still operative in a pre-fall world means that non-living objects which are, by definition, not refreshed do age in terms of degeneration because they don’t have a regime of constant maintenance. Pre-fall non-living objects would age as required by the second law. Consequently many objects then become historical in as much as they display a history of damage, degradation and energetic run down. For example, large intrusions and extrusions of magma from the Earth’s mantle cool according to the second law. Thus large bodies of granite are obviously not a-historical in as much as they must have a history of cooling. This fact means that AiG cannot claim that granitic intrusions and extrusions were created in a “mature” state. This has obliged AiG to engage these bodies of rock from a scientific point of view and attempt to work out cooling histories for them that are less than 6000 years (See here). It is clear then, that igneous rocks are not a-historical. This then appears to be an admission that some age indicators are reliable and can be used as predictors of age: For AiG are themselves now claiming that age can be determined after all, but, of course, they are desperately trying to show that these age determinations return values less than 6000 years!

Fundamentalists don’t like fuzzy boundaries; they much prefer a clear cut world where it is easy to sort out the sheep from goats. The fundamentalist needs to know who to boo and who to cheer, who to spiritually abuse and who to declare under God’s favour. Accordingly, a clear cut legalistic system of faith test categories is set up in order to help identify and flag unrepentant sinners and Christian apostates. Trouble is, the deeper we get into the notion that God snapped His fingers  and “mature” objects sprang into sight “as is”, the more detail is revealed which blurs the category boundaries. And it gets worse….

…to be continued.

Blind Alleys

I was interested in a statement on this post on UD claiming that evolution is “mathematically impossible”. I eagerly followed the link supplied to find what it was all about. Alas, I drew another blank: The assumption was that the underlying process driving evolution is reproduction and natural selection. This article doesn’t engage the question of the more general and abstract object needed to drive evolution, namely the arrangement of stable structures in configuration space.

Another rather notable post on UD is this one by Cornelius Hunter. He tries to make a distinction between “origins and operation”, a duality which to my mind is rather dubious as it smacks of the subliminal deism in the anti-evolutionist community. I shall be looking at that post in more detail in due course.

Stop Press 29/12/2010
Continuing with my recent theme of mechanism, interventionism and subliminal deism here is post on UD that contains a fairly clear expression of a paradigm at work which dichotomizes physical mechanism and interventionism. It also expresses a strong (and unsupported) assertion of the raison-d’être of the anti-evolution community; namely, the belief that mechanism can’t generate life. (In the article read “frontloading” as “mechanism”). This underlying philosophy of anti-mechanism is a reaction to the perceived threat of deism and the subliminal belief that mechanisms serve a redundancy notice on the "interventionist" God. For that reason anti-evolutionism will have a very strong hold on the minds of many religious people. Since "frontloading" (sic) requires Intelligent Agency it is revealed that UD's position is not primarily one of Intelligent Design, but has more to do with an existential need to see God "re-employed" by giving Him an overt role in the processes of the physical world and re-establish confidence in the "intervening" God.

Stop Press 31/12/2010
This looks interesting and possibly mold breaking: A new poster on UD claiming to be a theistic evolutionist (“of sorts”). The poster shows signs of walking a tight-rope: He is a Theistic Evolutionist, but has come to realize that “Darwinism” is different from “Evolution” and he has little patience for the former (I’d be interested to know how he makes this distinction). He’s got over his hostility to YECs and divine interventions and yet is comfortable with the concept that perhaps no direct interventions took place, if that is indeed the case, because for him the overriding issue concerns design detection; the means of creation are less important to him than the fact that things were designed and created.