Signaled Diffusion Book IV: Real Numbers vs Complex Numbers

29/02/2026: This project has been undergoing a complete overhaul, improving the mathematics, correcting errors, eliminating wrong turnings and cutting off branches that lead to dead ends, dead ends which only became apparent after all chapters had been submitted to this blog, when a critical overview became possible.

Book IV of my Signaled Diffusion project can be down loaded from this post. The introduction to Book IV is reproduced below.  The books so far are listed below along with their links:

BOOK I:     Foundations

BOOK II:    Exponentiating Diffusion

BOOK III:  Drift-Diffusion

BOOK IV:  Real Number vs Complex number Diffusion.

BOOK V:    Complex Drift-Diffusion

***

Introduction

Richard Dawkins and Brian Cox set the scene

The general consensus among scientists and layman alike is that quantum mechanics seems a strange and unintelligible way for the physical world to work; in particular it seems outrageous that this world should appear to do more than one thing at a time in that particles seemingly move in multiple directions at once. Further confounding our common sense physical expectations are those well-known apparently random discontinuous leaps of the system state vector when an attempt is made to measure a physical variable. Evangelical atheist Richard Dawkins puts his explanation on this state affairs:   

Physics appears to be a complicated subject, because the ideas of physics are difficult for us to understand. Our brains were designed to understand hunting and gathering, mating and child-rearing; a world of medium sized objects moving in three dimensions at moderate speeds. We are ill-equipped to comprehend the very small, the very large; things whose duration is measured in picaseconds or gigayears; particles that don't have position; forces and fields that we cannot see or touch, which we only know of only because they effect things that we can see and touch.

According to this we are creatures only “designed” (I’m sure that’s not meant literally!) for biosphere survival and therefore have no right to expect to understand the deeper mysteries of the cosmos. There is no reason why, for a jumped up primate, the cosmos should be anthropomorphically comprehensible and meaningful. The cosmos hasn’t been put there for this purpose; in fact you might hear Dawkins say that the cosmos is unlikely to have been put there for any purpose or reason at all; for Richard Dawkins it’s a fundamentally absurd cosmos and you can’t expect human beings to plumb the depths of this absurdity.  The cosmos is what it is without purpose; take it or leave it.

In regard to the specific enigma of quantum mechanics it is perhaps no surprise that parallel universe theory is a popular interpretation of quantum mechanics; it is one way of restoring the notion that reality isn’t ambiguous and in fact follows a single deterministic path of evolution; here the thought is that apparent quantum ambiguity is a sign there is a lot more unambiguous solid reality out there of which human consciousness is simply unaware. The parallel universe idea seems to provide two clarifications for the price of one: a) The totality of parallel universes is both unambiguous and deterministic b) the random leaping is just a perspective effect of us observers, confined as we are to just one of the parallel universes and only able to see just one of the many possible universes that ride side by side.

The intuitive agreeableness of the parallel universes interpretation of quantum mechanics is hinted at by Brian Cox in a BBC article entitled Brian Cox: 'Multiverse' makes sense (See also here):

“That there’s an infinite number of universes sounds more complicated than there being one,” Prof Cox told the programme.

“But actually, it’s a simpler version of quantum mechanics. It’s quantum mechanics without wave function collapse… the idea that by observing something you force a system to make a choice.”*¹

Accepting the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics means also having to accept that things can exist in several states at the same time.

But this leads to another question: Why do we perceive only one world, not many?

The suggestion here is that the many worlds interpretation makes sense because it cuts out the asymmetrical contingency inherent in the idea that the reduction of the quantum state vector entails the cosmos making an arbitrary selection singled out from among the many possible choices. In the light of Richard Dawkins views one might question why the cosmos should make even some sense by conforming to the aesthetics of symmetry. But if we run with the symmetry idea as per Brian Cox then symmetry considerations suggest that all possibilities ought to be out there somewhere, thus doing away with any seemingly arbitrary and contingent treatment being preferentially given to a very limited range of possibilities. Max Tegmark has gone even further with the elimination of arbitrary contingency in favour of the hyper-symmetry of his mathematical universe. In Tegmark’s mathematical universe Tegmark extends reification to all possible mathematical constructions; in short nothing, absolutely nothing, is subject to special and seemingly arbitrary selection. However, in Tegmark’s model there remains the tricky philosophical issue of why there is something rather than nothing; in the selection of something rather than nothing we have another awkward asymmetry. There have been some attempts at addressing the counter intuitive ideas that it is possible to get something from nothing by redefining “nothing” in terms of the quantum void. But this could equally be construed as effectively redefining “something” in terms of the quantum void! All in all how you answer these difficult questions is probably very much influenced by your a priori world view preferences and what makes sense to you.

What purports to make sense is a very subjective affair: For someone like Richard Dawkins the cosmos need not make any sense at all. But if we are to appeal to just what makes sense then I have to confess that to me the “many worlds” view, apart from perhaps the vague aesthetic appeal of symmetry, doesn’t make much sense. Moreover, as Brian admits the problem with the many worlds suggestion is the question of why is it only one world is visible to us? Therein, I believe, is the observational clue to the problem’s solution – there is, in fact, only one real world and that world is highly skewed in favour of order*. This suggestion makes more aesthetic sense to me than does “many worlds”.  Making sense of things is how we attempt to join the dots of experience into a coherent narrative or a world view synthesis. But because world views are a very complex product of very complex and differing life experience, it is not very easy to submit them to the formal scientific process of prediction and test. Accordingly, world view synthesis must be carried out with caution and with epistemic humility; fundamentalists and evangelicals of all flavours please take note. Although as far as world view synthesis is concerned some people like Brian Cox clearly have a different mind-set to myself in this respect, it would be very wrong to think the worst of them; like so many of us Brian Cox is simply doing his best to bring intelligibility to the world; if he has a clear conscience we have no grounds to condemn him.

This book attempts to make sense of quantum theory by taking real number diffusion as far as possible before quantisation (which is achieved by introducing “i” into the diffusion constant) with the aim of using this approach to unpack the meaning of quantum mechanics. In the final chapter of this book I propose my own qualitative sense making narrative, narrative which I’ve wrapped round quantum theory in an attempt to render it humanly intelligible.  In my opinion positing quantum theory as just a variation on real number diffusion brings us to a very anthropomorphic understanding of quantum mechanics and relativity; the very opposite of the opinion expressed by Richard Dawkins. In fact may I express my intuition in advance of any clearer analysis that to me the cosmos looks suspiciously like the interior of a huge cognitive system as it seeks and selects solutions to general purpose goals. In this study goal seeking, or “purpose”, is an important sense making construct and trumps, say, the aesthetics of symmetry, especially if the latter is empty of meaning. I touch on some of these matters in more detail in the epilogue.

1* This a priori bias toward order is clearly a necessary condition for perceiving observers. And I would question whether it is entirely coherent to talk about a world without conscious cognating observers. 

Sir Kenneth Clark on Symmetry (Again)

It is an irony that the "Many Worlds" view majors on symmetry and closed
 endedness.  It achieves this trick by expanding the limits of existence so far as to 
eliminate uncertainty and the unknown: All things have a certainty of occurring within
 a mathematically defined envelope, an envelope which although infinite, which
nevertheless has known boundaries (but at infinity!)

ADDENDUM 12/09/19

Here's Sean Carroll on his enthusiasm for the multiverse. I've taken these quotes from a post on Uncommon Descent. Some of his views are in many ways  the opposite of mine although the second quote below may prove more amenable to my way of thinking.  (See here for more on Sean Carroll's views)

The Many-Worlds formulation of quantum mechanics removes once and for all any mystery about the measurement process and collapse of the wave function. We don’t need special rules about making an observation: all that happens is that the wave function keeps chugging along in accordance with the Schrödinger equation. And there’s nothing special about what constitutes ‘a measurement’ or ‘an observer’ – a measurement is any interaction that causes a quantum system to become entangled with the environment, creating a branching into separate worlds, and an observer is any system that brings about such an interaction. Consciousness, in particular, has nothing to do with it. The ‘observer’ could be an earthworm, a microscope or a rock. There’s not even anything special about macroscopic systems, other than the fact that they can’t help but interact and become entangled with the environment. The price we pay for such a powerful and simple unification of quantum dynamics is a large number of separate worlds.

Sean Carroll, “Splitting the Universe: Hugh Everett blew up quantum mechanics with his Many-Worlds theory in the 1950s. Physics is only just catching up” at Aeon

In my own research, I’ve gone even farther, arguing that the quest for quantum gravity is being held back by physicists’ traditional strategy of taking a classical theory (such as Albert Einstein’s general relativity) and ‘quantising’ it. Presumably nature doesn’t work like that; it’s just quantum from the start. What we should do, instead, is start from a purely quantum wave function, and ask whether we can pinpoint individual ‘worlds’ within it that look like the curved spacetime of general relativity. Preliminary results are promising, with emergent geometry being defined by the amount of quantum entanglement between different parts of the wave function. Don’t quantise gravity; find gravity within quantum mechanics.

That approach fits very naturally into the Many-Worlds perspective, while not making much sense in other approaches to quantum foundations. Niels Bohr might have won the public-relations race in the 20th century, but Hugh Everett appears ready to pull ahead in the 21st.

Sean Carroll, “Splitting the Universe: Hugh Everett blew up quantum mechanics with his Many-Worlds theory in the 1950s. Physics is only just catching up” at Aeon

The Chernobyl Disaster

A pall of highly radioactive smoke  hangs over the whole  of  HBO's "Chernobyl"

(Disclaimer: In this post I'm assuming that HBO's miniseries conveys an accurate picture of the disaster)

I have recently finished watching the DVD series of  HBO's production Chernobyl. This production, in terms of its realism at the very least, lives up to the accolades it has received. It is wrong to say that I enjoyed it: Chernobyl so successfully immerses the viewer into the Chernobyl experience that I felt as though I was there and being there is not a pleasant experience. The scenes involving the wrecked reactor building are convincingly realistic. Soviet society comes over as typically run down: Dingy flats with jaded fixture and fittings along with the rugged Russian steam punk technology further enhance the atmosphere of melancholy which pervades the whole production. Could this society safely handle the Promethean fire of nuclear energy? In fact could mankind as a whole safely handle this new miracle energy? This is the question which hangs around after one has finished watching the series, but while the DVD runs the presence of an unseen danger jangles the nerves, especially as one knows that this was for real; it's not fiction. 

A drama which to my mind conveyed a similar atmosphere of nerve-wracking tension is Forbidden Planet. In this 1950s space sci-fi film the invisible monster from the id stalks the shadows of the night. In Chernobyl the invisible monster is radioactivity which without detectors is hidden to human eyes, but if allowed to take its course does terrible things to the human body. The threatening presence of radioactivity is signified by hollow metallic background noises and these heighten the creepy ambiance, a metonym for a ruthless killer lurking in the dark corridors and ducts of the power station. These inhuman sounds serve a similar purpose to the sinister soundtrack of Forbidden Planet, a soundtrack which alerts the viewer to the presence of the monster from the id. In both productions we have a mortal hazard which in part has been created and released by the activity of humankind. As with the Forbidden Planet's invisible terror human beings are all but powerless against it and yet like the monster from the id the radiation at Chernobyl was somehow channelling the baser human instincts, instincts amplified by a totalitarian soviet state which all too easily brought to the surface the human propensity for corruptibility.

Nasty things lurking in long dark tunnels is a sci-fi motif.

Chernobyl was kind to the courageous people who fought and won the battle against the monster: Valery Legasov and Boris Shcherbina are the all action heroes but the series also acknowledges the role of the many scientists, firemen, miners, Chernobyl staff, doctors, nurses, soldiers and conscripts all of whom, knowingly or unknowingly, risked a slow painful death by joining battle. But did I say "won"? The cost was measured in uncounted lives, a community devastated and the lasting ecological legacy of radiation, although it's true that the human sacrifice stopped the disaster being much, much worse. 

The soviet system doesn't come off lightly in Chernobyl. The myth of Marxist-Leninism, a philosophy which was supposed to usher in a Utopian society, is seen to be so utterly delusional in the face of what is, in fact, exactly the opposite; a dystopian society (except perhaps for the ruling elites!). The powers that be who applied Marxist-Leninist thinking believed the myth and thought themselves as the legitimate dispensers of its philosophy, its only authentic interpreters. But they were all too human and therefore utterly corruptible by nature; in the face of a failing system they upheld it with lies and inhumanity. It was, in fact, nothing more than old fashioned totalitarianism with the added impediment of a command economy. If corrupt behaviour was needed to uphold the myth then so be it; the end justified the means. No one in power dared question the myth or own up to its the fundamental flaws; that would require questioning ones life's work, one's status in the system and the world view on which they was based. They were in bondage to the Marxist myth and in bondage to one another; who ever dared put a foot out of line first was likely to be censored by the rest. Sad to say I've witnessed some Christian contexts where there is a similar reluctance to question the emperor's new clothes; there is resistance to a critical appraisal of aspects of the faith for fear that the whole edifice will come crashing down about them. Difficult questions and discussions may be censored and intellectual integrity suffers. There are those who have lost their faith as a result of this lack of authenticity, transparency and glasnost.  Ideology, where ever you are, whatever it is, secular or sacred tempts spiritual affectation. Christians are just as human as the secular soviets and so if you really want to face sobering lessons about human nature, the human predicament, life, the universe and everything, connect yourself with Christianity, a microcosm of the human lot! If not at least open your eyes to humanity's epistemic and moral frailties and humble yourself before God. If you don't believe in God, humble yourself anyway.

In the Chernobyl disaster the sycophants in positions of authority were in denial about just how bad it was; for them such a disaster ran counter the "cosmic laws" of Marxist-Leninist society. They was great resistance to admitting anything, even to themselves. The denials and cover-ups impeded the clean up and indeed initially there was unwillingness to accept that such a disaster had actually happened in their backyard. Underlings had a tendency to only report what they thought their superiors would like to hear. There was, needless to say, no appetite to lose face by calling in help from the capitalist West, especially America. The reactor blew as a result of the confluence of several factors; Viz: the inherent defects of a command economy which pushed the operators into taking the reactor to the edge, bad local sycophantic management, poor training, a design flaw in the reactors and above all the pressures of the soviet mythology. The flaw in the reactor design was actually known to the authorities but hushed up and not addressed.

Generally the hierarchy were unwilling to break the soviet spell and face the truth that fallen humanity, even in a socialist society, remained as corruptible as ever and especially so when society presented opportunities for totalitarianism. But there was a silver lining in the clouds of radioactive dust: As that dust settled president Gorbachev's eyes were opened; I would classify him as one of the Chernobyl heroes, a hero who was prepared risk the backlash from the old guard and bring change to soviet society for the better with his perestroika and glasnost. In 2006 Gorbachev wrote: "The  nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl ... was perhaps the true cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union".

.

Heroes of Chernobyl: Legasov, Shcherbina and Gorbachev along with many other unsung heroes. 

Postscript: 

A new  mythology arises under Putin:

See: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-48559289

Something comes from Something: Nothing comes from Nothing. Big Deal

This BBC article of 2014 has come to my notice. Here are the opening paragraphs:

People have wrestled with the mystery of why the universe exists for thousands of years. Pretty much every ancient culture came up with its own creation story - most of them leaving the matter in the hands of the gods - and philosophers have written reams on the subject. But science has had little to say about this ultimate question.

However, in recent years a few physicists and cosmologists have started to tackle it. They point out that we now have an understanding of the history of the universe, and of the physical laws that describe how it works. That information, they say, should give us a clue about how and why the cosmos exists.

Their admittedly controversial answer is that the entire universe, from the fireball of the Big Bang to the star-studded cosmos we now inhabit, popped into existence from nothing at all. It had to happen, they say, because "nothing" is inherently unstable.

"Nothing is inherently unstable"? How do we know that? Predictably the article goes on to tell us how, given quantum uncertainty, both space and matter cannot be existentially null. The scientifically challenged layman, reading this article, would then think that at last the "something from nothing?" question has been solved. The article trades on the fact that some atheists have simply redefined "nothing" in terms of what is in effect something; namely, the assumed pre-existence of transcendent quantum laws prior to the creation of space, time and matter. Therefore this kind of "nothing"  is clearly something, that something being the existence of physical algorithms controlling space, time and matter. This trick has fooled some people who have mooted it as an answer to the "something from nothing?" question; I have heard it said that quantum theory has given us a better understanding of "nothing", so much so in fact that we can now see how something comes from nothing. But this kind of technical casuistry can be refuted by pointing out that one could equally as well argue that the so-called better understanding of nothing is in fact a better understanding of something i.e. something as transcendent law. But "nothing" means absolutely nothing; no givens, no laws and no stuff of any kind, least of all the givens of quantum uncertainty. 

I have dealt with this subject before in the following post:

https://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2018/02/something-comes-from-something-nothing.html

In the foregoing post I quote atheist Sean Carroll who, even as an atheist, is clearly not fooled by the sophistry of this kind of "scientific theology". 

Relational Ontology

This blog entry on Relational Ontology really goes back to this post  where I discussed some ideas advanced by Jonathan Kopel in a pre-published paper which in published form was to be titled "A Note Regarding Relational Ontology in Chemistry". As I essentially agreed with the drift of Jonathan's thoughts, and after some discussion, he suggested that I might like to follow up his ideas with a paper of my own. I am currently giving this project some thought and below are some initial notes to this end; I hope eventually to flesh out these notes into a full paper. As Jonathan's take on RO majors on the subject of chemical bonds I thought his paper lent itself well to a quantum mechanical treatment of RO and that is my emphasis here. This subject also fits in well with my post entitled "Jottings on Reality, the Paranormal and Chaoskampf" where I advance the idea that the complexity of reality is irreducible in as much as reality makes little coherent sense without the existence of the complexities of sentience to perceive that reality.

Proposal for a paper on Relational Ontology

This paper will cover:

Hypostatic identity: I will be arguing against this vitalistic concept which locates identity in "substance". 

Identical particles: Quantum statistics treats particles as though they are bits in a binary string. Bits have no hypostatic identity; they exist by virtue of relatedness. 

Schrodinger equation: The multi-particle Schrodinger Equation treats multi-particle systems as if they are one object.  

Fields and particle bonding: The field term in a multi-particle Schrodinger equation is a function of all the positions of all the particles. 

Models and approximations: Real world examples of the Schrodinger equation are likely to be computationally irreducible and therefore treatable only via a cluster of metaphorical models and approximations. 

Conclusions: The analytical inseparability of the objects described by the Schrodinger equation and the likely computational irreduciblity of its solutions necessitates a relational ontological perspective. RO is a point of view which guides one’s thinking about ontology and enables one to come to terms with analytical difficulties brought about by the hard-core relatedness of the cosmos. Ultimate reality is not reducible to bits and pieces or a hidden hypostatic property of matter but is found in the relations within an assumed up and running complexity. Complexity, that is relatedness writ large, must be treated as an a priori feature of the cosmos. This complexity cannot be rationalised away as just an incidental and unnecessary epiphenomenon of an elemental hypostatic reality.

Epistemology, Ontology, Creationism and Scientism

 Contemporary North American young earthism is a modern  construction
coming out of the 1960s. Ken Ham can say what he likes!

I recently got some come back from Joe Smith who first made a starring appearance on my blog here. After some mutually cross words with him there was a calming down period after which the relationship settled down to a more cordial basis. The lesson is: If you want to stand chance of making an initial connection use emotive language. 

I think it is fair to say that Joe Smith, when he thinks about creation,  has what I would call certain fundamentalist habits mind, but signs are that those exclusivist fundamentalist attitudes (which really mark out a fundamentalist) are not his strong point (I hope). If they were there would be little to be gained in dialogue as hard core fundamentalists, from Mormons through Jehovah's witnesses  to Answer in Genesis start from a position of assumed spiritual superiority and have a deep distrust of those who don't acquiesce to the divine authority of their opinions.

Anyway I'm hoping for a fruitful discussion. My reply to Joe's first email can be picked up here: This has been a useful exercise as it has summarised my views on epistemology and directly challenges the fundamentalist "Historical science vs Observational science" canard.

***

It is perhaps ironic that I would also use the views I express in my reply to Joe Smith to attack the kind of atheist scientism which has a vested interested in attempting to draw a sharp line of demarcation between formal science and studies deemed to lie outside formal science. This is the so-called demarcation problem: For me it has always been a pseudo problem; all attempts  to understand the cosmos entail a tense dialogue between theory and experience, whether we are talking spring extending and test tube precipitating science or sociology; both disciplines use a juxtaposition of experiences and/or observational protocols and imaginative narratives to explain those experiences/observations but with varying degrees of plausibility; for clearly the highly regular world of springs and chemicals is far more systemically accessible than the erratic and complex objects of sociology. Consequently this leads to firmer based science than can ever be hoped for than in much sociology. There is a trade off between the complexity and accessibility of an object of study and its epistemic robustness.

But the suspected underlying motive for those peddling scientism is not unlike that of fundamentalists who (want to?) see the world in the blacks and whites of in-groups and out-groups. The aficionados of scientism seek clear cut criteria distinguishing science and non-science in order to provide a pretext to cast into the outer darkness anything they regard as beyond the intellectual pale and which can then be written off with emotive words such as "irrational" and "superstition" and therefore invalid knowledge.

It is true, however, that in the contention between experience and those narratives which attempt to make sense of experience we find that some conceptions are far less amenable to experiential investigation than others. (e.g. springs vs sociological objects). But you can be sure that as epistemic tractability fades out human stupidity and epistemic arrogance tend to fade in and this epistemic sin recurs with both atheists and theists.

Below are some of my posts on the subject of science and epistemology. As I review these posts I notice that one name keeps popping up: That of Toronto biochemist Larry Moran. So, as far as Quantum Non-Linearity is concerned there seems to be enough prima facie evidence to charge Moran with the sin of scientism. I present the documentary evidence for that prima facie case below.

http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2018/05/atheist-vs-atheist-evangelical-vs.html
http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2018/03/evolutionary-psychology-under-fire.html
http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2018/02/the-universe-is-not-necessarily.html

http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2016/09/epistemic-notes_14.html
http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2015/02/evidence-guide-lines-but-not-tram-lines.html
http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2014/08/the-great-epistemic-tradeoff.html
http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2013/10/springs-precipitates-paranormal-and.html
http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2013/10/generalizing-science-beyond-test-tubes.html
http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2013/09/yes-its-all-science-larry-but-not-as.html
http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2013/08/epistemic-notes.html
http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2012/08/its-science-larry-but-not-as-you-know-it.html
http://quantumnonlinearity.blogspot.com/2009/01/on-epistemology.html

Liberalism Obsolete?

Putin: The cult of personality and godfather government.

Picture from: https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/09/vladimir-putin-action-man/100147/

According to Vladimir Putin it is! I would say no, I don't think so, but it's probably under a bit of pressure right now: If liberal democracy is to strengthen and survive and if its political and academic establishments are not to become ivory towers a challenge from the ogre of nationalistic totalitarianism may be no bad thing. Putin (and other subliminal autocrats) obviously have a vested interest in talking up what is in fact a marginal situation as if the West is undergoing a fundamental anti-liberal sea-change. The claim that liberalism is obsolete is an over-hyped half truth.

In any case liberalism is a rather cloudy eclectic concept which embraces ideas right the way from free market libetarianism, through ideals of racial and sexual equality and freedom to a woolly democratic socialism. So just what is it? I don't know and neither, it seems, does this BBC article, although it's a useful analysis. If we are to encapsulate liberalism in a one-liner then I would say that it is the constitutionally controlled row and ferment that is all part of the free market in goods and ideas with a factious accountable parliament reflecting that row. The nearest ancient historical precedent may be the Hellenistic world of the Aegean in the mid first millennium BC. The bickering islands of the Aegean were places where the concept of money driven markets really took shape. Ideas thrived and a kind of democracy existed (Provided you weren't a slave or a woman); government was there for the people rather than the people there for the government. 

It may be easier to define liberalism apophatically; that is, in terms of what it isn't and it certainly isn't what Vladimir Putin stands for. It's not what the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia stands for. It's not what Kim Jung Un stands for. It's not what the Islamic fundamentalists stand for. And most alarming of all, there are hints that it's not what Donald Trump with his Christian fundamentalist and alt-right supporters stand for; that are very suspicious of the organs of established government and also of the free press. (They are a "swamp that needs draining" of its new-world-order anti-christian conspiracy along with those purveyors of "fake news"). Like everyone else I don't think Putin himself really knows or understands what liberalism means; all he knows is that it's not like the way he wants to govern and neither does it encapsulate his values. Therefore he doesn't like it. *

What is a little worrying is that we are seeing a small revival of the politics of the tribal-like personality cult: i.e. identifying one's self with an over-lord who is running a kind of quasi-protection racket. You notice how with Trump.and Putin the "pizzazz and star dust" they bring into politics is all important. All very human I know, but human's are highly corruptible; therein lies the rub. It's even happening in a mild way in the UK where Johnson and Farage thrive on their personal magic; the personality cult is coming to the UK. 

It's a return to an ancient way of governing and it's very instinct driven: Viz: Authority resides in the personality with whom you make a connection rather than with the abstractions of constitution and law. If people identify government too strongly with their chosen "champion/protector" these leaders can often get away with murder. Cf Trump saying that even if he shot someone his supporters would forgive him! For Trump's avid fans it's all about his personal charisma versus the impersonal government "swamp" he is going to drain! But his behaviour hints at a-would-be dictator who feels insecure about democratic institutions beyond his control and so he does his best to demonise them not realising that they are all part of the untidy ferment of democracy in action. Trump does his damnedest to throw doubt on the intuitions of democracy and if that involves spreading half truths then so be it. Given the strong hold personality can have over people the notion that authority actually resides in some "governmental abstraction" finds difficulty competing. Fortunately for us in UK we have the Crown which personifies and symbolises the governmental abstraction; that's an irony in itself: At one time the Crown represented just the same kind of bully boy totalitarian government of those who were strong and brutal enough to barge their way to the top. But today the Crown reminds would-be dictators that they are merely care-takers under a higher authority. In the UK the Crown, ironically, is symbolic of who government is really for; its for the people. In many ways the British royal family, with their trials and tribulations, convey a much more human and compassionate side to government than many ambitious go-getting stop-at-nothing politicians. God save the Queen. 

Autocratic cronies? But what happens
when they fall out?

Interestingly the BBC report on the G20 summit remarked that Trump seems to have a better rapport with dictators like Putin, Xi, the Saudi Crown prince and Kim Jung Un than the democratic leaders of Europe who hold liberal values much hated by the right wing in America, particularly the Christian fundamentalists who appear to port the idea of the absolute rule of a saviour figure to a very fallible human figure. Let me finish with the words of right-wing Christian fundamentalist "Patsy Storedump" whom I quoted here: 

Patsy Storedump: Sounds like (what) the deceived are doing in America. Why come here. To be free. To worship as one chooses. Now we are finally fighting back. People first Citizens first Politicians out. Get a man like TRUMP and get rid of all your professional politicians. He is not done with America yet. We can only pray and fill our alters with repentant hearts. Let God lead and take back your country from the enemy. We will Pray for you as you pray for us. Allies in the Lord.

"To be free"? Really?  Notice how she demonises the opposition "Let God lead and take back your country from the enemy". Implying that one's government is in the hands of Satan is the pretext for the next move. And what is that move? It's this: "get rid of all your professional politicians" She's basically calling for the end of the parliamentary cacophony of voices of various flawed politicians and instead wants to hear just one very, very flawed voice and, swamp drained, wants to impose that voice on the rest of us. 

Footnote
* But let me put a good word in for Putin. He doesn't give me the impression that he's the worst of dictators; he's concerned for his country and his people and has a benevolent side to him (but perhaps I'm being conned by carefully controlled publicity!) Trouble is, unless safeguards are built into the constitution no country should depend on the fortuitousness of just happening to get a benevolent leader.  What happens if Ivan the Terrible comes along? There have got to be mechanisms of accountability that factor in the potential for human sin.  Nevertheless, he is still a Godfather, as seems likely given the novichock affair.

ADDENDUM post 7/07/19

QUOTE The UK ambassador in Washington says Trump needs "simple, even blunt" arguments UNQUOTE

See here:

Trump administration is 'inept and insecure', says UK ambassador

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48898231
And it gets worse:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/48885319
This is the leader of the Free World!

Russian National Pride at Stake:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-48963295

An article on Putin:
https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/world/putin-began-by-embracing-the-west-now-he-wants-revenge/ar-AAFFWhI?li=BBoPWjQ&ocid=UP97DHP

Jottings on Reality, the Paranormal and Chaoskampf. Part I

Below are my latest thoughts on the nature of reality. They are jottings of ideas that have been hanging around for some time, although I have on occasion expressed these views in some of my blog entries and also in the prologue of my book "Gravity and Quantum Non-Linearity" (See here, here and here for example).  Much of it is a repeat of what I've written elsewhere, but to go over it again is one way of trying to take the ideas forward and hopefully clarify them.

My website/blog is a kind "Donald Crowhurst" log of my thinking on the meaning of life. It is a "pilgrim's" journal of philosophically inclined thoughts written down as life slips past; life is short and therefore one needs to capture one's thoughts in text, otherwise they are forgotten and disappear into oblivion. As Donald Crowhurst neared his end on his lonely journey he did his best to solve the riddle of the meaning of it all; it was his personal Riddle of the Sphinx and like H.G. Wells' Time Traveller he found himself in dire straits. His desperation, his loneliness, a very badly bruised ego and the pressure to make some sense of an apparently nonsensical situation unhinged Crowhurst and he became incoherent. Nevertheless,  I'm happy to honour this flawed hero; he was only doing what countless humans have tried to do; probe the meaning of life and in Crowhurst's case use it as a means to dignify his predicament at the same time. Like Crowhurst I seek adventure in my own (small) way and I also know the pressing need to make sense of life as it flies by but fortunately not under quite so desperate and solitary circumstances!

If am I given the time perhaps one day I will organise my rather raw and haphazard journal notes into a systematic book form. But just at the moment there are still too many avenues to explore and when I abandon this latest exploration I'll be moving on. I see my endeavours as a kind of wrestling with reality in order to squeeze out its secrets. But perhaps as a Christian I should really characterise it as a wrestling with God himself (cf. Genesis 32:22-32); for through created reality God makes himself known. Unfortunately in comparison with contemporary Christian culture's blends of scriptural fundamentalism, fideism, ecstatic experiences, divine encounters, undamings of the emotions, hi-passion scenes, spiritual existential crises, spiritual pizzazz and holy star-dust my relatively dry endeavours are unlikely to register on the spiritual radar. But then that may be a good thing; I become self-conscious and distracted if I think I'm being noticed!

***

It is very tempting to take it for granted that the essence of reality is embodied in that heavy inertial stuff we perceive around us and call "matter"; sometimes it comes in lumpen homogeneous forms but at other times it appears in exquisitely organised forms such as we see in living organisms. But in both cases the underlying paradigm which dictates an interpretation of what we perceive is often the same: Viz: that is, it is taken to be self-evident that the third person perspective on matter  is the absolute and objective grounds for anchoring "truth". In the material paradigm matter has an unambiguous existence; it can't have a partial existence; it's either there or it's not there. This is materialist dualism which in its strong form dichotomises mind and matter but is apt to regard mind and its concomitant of conscious cognition as at best a ghostly epi-phenomenon and at worst a complete illusion.

I have always had difficulty with the thesis that a posited "material reality" is somehow the ultimate unambiguous anchor point for reality and the standard by which reality is defined: For a start, quantum theory suggests that matter  can exist in ambiguous states (more about that another time). Moreover, knowledge of so-called material reality can only ever come via our experience and our cognisance of it. As is so often pointed out in philosophical circles we really only see the world through our perceptions and therefore don't have any direct contact with some unambiguous well anchored "material-thing-in-itself"; as far as we are concerned the latter can only ever be evidenced by our experiences and then constructed by our cognition based on those evidences, almost as a kind of explanatory myth. Hence, I've always been inclined toward idealism as a philosophy; that is, the touchstone of reality is  not "matter", whatever that is supposed mean, but the shades of grey we call mental life. On this view reality derives from conscious cognition, but because conscious cognition comes in degrees of rationality and completeness this means that deciding what is real is itself not a binary on/off decision, but as with mind it comes in degrees of reality.

To me the notion of a fixed "material" world absent of the existence of sensing conscious thinking, "myth" constructing agents, is simply not an intelligible idea. The concept of a "concrete material reality unambiguously out there" is, I suggest, a kind of illusion worked on us because of the integrity and rationality of our experience and perceptions. In the normal rational mode of consciousness incoming data is so well organised, coordinated and potentially complete, not just for a single cognating agent but also across a whole society of agents, that it facilitates the mental construction of coherent objects. The mutually harmonious responses of these agents is evidence of a shared rational reality of high observational integrity (in most cases). Registration of the senses of sight, sound and touch and also the observational registration between agents means that conscious cognition, especially a society of communicating cognating agents, can construct the consistent "myth" of a single coherent world of great harmony and meaning. Reality is its rationality, coherence and observational integrity. Without this integrating integrity reality is compromised. For me, then, the existence of a benevolent God who underwrites this rational integrity is all important.

The foregoing is what I call mathematical materialism. The physical model of fundamental particles with its fields of signals is a way of describing this world of harmonious registration between observers. For me the replete rationality of physics looks like an organising principle and medium for a world of communicating observers. In one sense we do have direct contact with the "thing-in-itself" because that thing-in-itself is not made of particles, but of organised "cognita"; the stuff of mind; a coherent world of organised experience and a thinking rational mind to apprehend it. "Particles" are a computational device for describing this world of communicating minds. 

In Turing's test for the existence of true human-level "machine intelligence" a qualifying machine must hold its illusion of human intelligence under close natural language interrogation. However, this test effectively implicitly posits the existence of an interrogating intelligence of sufficient level of capability to pass a qualifying judgement. It is clear that given we are dealing here with the complex multidimensional phenomenon of intelligence the Turing test, like psychological tests in general, is not  going to  return simple "yes or no" answers but rather it is likely to confer a pass mark or score. It is notable, however, that the Turing test concept of mind has unleashed controversy over whether the third person perspective of a very convincing simulated facade is sufficient condition for identifying the presence of mind or whether intelligence has a deeper thing-in-itself in the form of the first person perspective of conscious cognition. Dualism assumes a dichotomy between "material-things-in-themselves" and "sentient-things-in-themselves" where to today there is a tendency to believe ultimate reality resides in "material-things-in-themselves" rather than "sentient-things-in-themselves". In contrast my choice is sentience as the ultimate thing-in-itself and moreover the thing-in-itself which underwrites the reality of matter.

Using the Turing test as a kind of template I propose that the qualification for material reality is that it must hold up under the close scrutiny of an investigating rational sentient agent and provide a sufficient suite of evidence faultless enough in registration, harmony, and coherence between observers for it to qualify as real. As in the Turing test, the test for material reality has an implicit assumption of the preexistence of a sentient cognating interrogator without which the test becomes meaningless. This concept of reality posits an up and running complex sentience as an a priori feature; for an agent capable of carrying out a reality test, that agent must itself be sufficiently rational, complex  and organised. In fact as it turns out human sentience is governed by the very same rational world of particulate order that is found in the world around us. Minds know what it feels like to be a mind and therefore because minds explain themselves in terms of a material paradigm minds are, in a sense, matter knowing what it feels like to be matter.

Therefore in probing that world of matter we are, in effect, probing the nature of our very selves: As I have said before, like a computer language compiler that is written in the self-same language it compiles, human beings can describe themselves in terms of their own physical concepts. But unlike the Turing test which unleashes controversies over whether mind is merely a facade or has a sentient-thing-in-itself behind the facade, there is for me no controversy of whether the material facade hides a particulate-thing-itself behind it; it simply doesn't: Rational reality is merely a highly organised facade: unless it be the mind of God himself who creates. organises and sustains this facade and underwrites its reality and rationality.

There are some things that do fail the "Turing" test for full reality. For example, our dreams, although sometimes feeling very real, do not return such a reality; the scenes and actors in dreams are not amenable to any closer scrutiny than the dream offers. In fact dreams have more the character of the scenes and actors in works of fiction such as films or computer simulations: those scenes and actors are bit parts with little or no background that can be investigated by oneself let alone share with other persons. Unlike much of the "material reality" we are familiar with, dreams do not allow their subject matter to get into the cross hairs of different perspectives and angles. In contrast in mathematical materialism the entities are not bit-parts; they have a background story and/or personalities worked out in full.

In the next part(s) I will be thinking about the paranormal phenomena when rationality partly breaks down and conscious cognition enters the "Oz" state. I will also be thinking about the reality of those distant galaxies and distant times and more on the role of God as underwriter of reality. 

Christian Fundamentalists Embrace Flat Earth.

I'm ashamed to say that recently resurgent
beliefs in  flat earthism, like young earthism, 
has strong christian fundamentalist leanings

An interesting web-article on the Flat Earth movement can be read here. It was written by Lee McIntyre a Research Fellow at the Center for Philosophy and History of Science, Boston University. To further his research into the contemporary burgeoning of anti-science sub-cultures he attended a flat earth conference and his web-article tells of his experiences. 

I have touched on flat earth theory before but as with young earthism (unless like McIntyre you are a researcher in the field) I regard it as time wasted spending too much effort refuting the work of people who have a knack of tying themselves up in intellectual knots when there are other things I should be pursuing.  There is no way of stopping this lunacy because, as the saying goes, one can make a refutation idiot proof but these kinds of movement have a way of finding even better idiots from a bottomless pit of idiocy. 

As I have pointed out before flat earth theory necessarily includes huge dollops of conspiracy theorism in order to work as a "theoretical framework"; by necessity conspiracy theorism is part and parcel with the flat earthist mindset. Conspiracy theorism is itself a narrative which attempts to make sense of life, but less in an intellectual way than in the sense of satisfying certain emotional, ego and group needs, catalysed in part by a failure to identify with society's establishment. Generalised conspiracy theorism is itself a theoretical non-starter  (See here, here, here), but no doubt the connectivity of the internet has helped promote the contemporary sub-culture of conspiracy theorism. Moreover, I have a growing conviction that these anti-science sub-cultures are bound up with the rise of anti-establishment popularism and the ascendancy of people like Donald Trump, a man who has (probably) cynically courted the professional conspiracy theorist Alex Jones (who also makes claims to being a Christian) in his attempts to secure the large American anti-establishment popularist vote; and this includes many Christian fundamentalists.  

What I would like to highlight here is a quote from McIntyre's article providing evidence that Christian fundamentalism is implicated as one of the factors driving the rise of flat earthism. Viz (My emphases): 

For the first day, I kept my mouth shut and just listened. I wore the conference badge and took notes. The second day, I came out hard as a philosopher of science. After numerous conversations, I came away with the conclusion that Flat Earth is a curious mixture of fundamentalist Christianity and conspiracy theory, where outsiders are distrusted and belief in Flat Earth is (for some) tantamount to religious faith. This is not to say that most Christians believe in Flat Earth, but almost all of the Flat Earthers I met (with a few notable exceptions) were Christians. While they claimed not to rely on faith as proof of their beliefs—and were anxious to present their own "scientific evidence"—most did seek empirical findings that would make all of their beliefs (both spiritual and worldly) consistent with one another. And once they started looking, the evidence was all around them.

Further evidence of the rise of flat earthism among fundamentalists can be found from the testimony of the young earthist fundamentalist organisation Answers in Genesis who are aghast at the idea of the flat earth movement identifying itself with a Biblical literalist fundamentalism.  For example in a blog post dated 2nd June this year Ken Ham said: 

In the past, one question I rarely ever received was, “What about the flat earth?” But now I hear it all the time! And that holds true for our other AiG speakers, particularly our astronomer, Dr. Danny Faulkner.

Clearly then something is afoot among Christian fundamentalists and it is alarming AiG. Here is the original link to Ham's post although the post has recently been taken offline for some unknown reason. If you go to the AiG web site and type in "flat earth" in the search field it returns quite a few articles arguing against flat earth ideas; one of the few times I can get behind AiG! Some of the articles, I think, are less about the flat earth movement per se than worrying the subject of whether or not the Bible writers had a flat earth world view; after all if some of them did then this would raise questions over AiG's literalist paradigm of scripture. 

Also of interest is a flat earth discussion on the Answers in Genesis Facebook page*.  This discussion succeeds in bringing out the flat earth fundamentalists in opposition to the original young earthists who oppose flat earth. The thing to note is how acrimonious the discussion gets when there are fundamentalists on both sides of the debate. This is really no surprise: After all both sides believe their opinions to have the divine authority of a very angry God of eternal damnation so what do you expect? There is, however, poetic justice in the fact that young earthists are being hoist by their own petard as a crass Biblical literalist paradigm is being turned on them by Christian flat earthists. They are very effectively consuming one another's time by arguing among themselves!**.

In many ways flat earthism is a natural outcome of young earthist culture (and in fact fundamentalism in general); the latter believe that there is kind of world-wide conspiracy of scientists, all of whom are spreading ideas of "millions of years and evolution". That a myriad independent scientists across the world manage to largely march in lock step on this question is put down to the fundamentalist notion that because they are all in rebellion to God they are all fixated on the concept of an old earth and shoe horn the data into this preconception. But this requires such a feat of organised behaviour among many independent scientists that the fundamentalist has to invoke the concept of world-wide Satanic influences being at work behind the scenes prompting scientists to work from a false starting point. They are, of course, also many Christians in the academic establishment who accept mainstream science. But according to Ken Ham, AiG's supremo, Christians who contradict his views are wilfully and knowingly compromising their faith; presumably as all part of the world-wide Satanically inspired conspiracy! It is this kind of distrust of outsiders (an observation also made by McIntyre at the flat earth conference - see above) that is an important precursor of conspiracy theorism. 


FOOTNOTES
* In case this  discussion should go offline I think I have managed to capture most of it and copied it here

** It is worth comparing the AiG discussion with the following argument I published between two Christian fundamentalists one of whom is a geocentrist.

https://viewsnewsandpews.blogspot.com/2010/11/fundamentalist-argument-clinic-part-1.html
https://viewsnewsandpews.blogspot.com/2011/01/fundamentalist-argument-clinic-part-2.html
https://viewsnewsandpews.blogspot.com/2011/02/fundamentalist-argument-clinic-part-3.html
https://viewsnewsandpews.blogspot.com/2011/03/fundamentalist-argument-clinic-part-4.html

In 2011 when I published that discussion I would never have guessed that Christian fundamentalism was set to get a lot worse and start turning to flat earthism! - it goes to show how quickly it has come to the fore; within less than a decade in fact. By comparison it would be worth researching how long it took for young earthism to gain acceptance among 1960s fundamentalists without the aid of the internet.

ADDENDUM  24/06/2019

There's an interesting post here by PZ Myers where he once again indulges his passion for lampooning fundamentalist lunacy. In this case his target is a very recent (June 22) article on the AiG web site by Ken Ham's tame astronomer Danny Faulkner. The article is a critique of flat earthism and as Myers remarks it is very ironic in that much of the article could be about AiG itself if one simply replaces "flat earth" by "young earth". The article can be found here:

https://answersingenesis.org/astronomy/earth/reflections-flat-earth-movement/

Before I read the article I thought my many years of observing fundamentalism had pretty much hardened me to its irony and that therefore my own irony meter would survive the reading intact. However, when I read the following my meter did become dangerously overloaded! Viz:

This extreme suspicion of anyone with any amount of advanced education is common in certain brands of Christian fundamentalism. This type of fundamentalism is committed to a very wooden, hyper-literal approach to the Bible. The fear is that if one admits that any part of the Bible is not literal, then one is free to interpret any and all the Bible in a nonliteral sense. But this fear is unwarranted, for some parts of the Bible clearly are not literal.

Additionally, many flat-earth pastors are very domineering and dictatorial. This rubs many people the wrong way, particularly when other, much smaller, differences arise. 

Flat-earthers insist that their understanding of the Bible is the only true meaning of Scripture, dismissing all others as the mere teachings of men at best, and at worst, the work of the devil. This is the major defining characteristic of a cult.

Pastors who are very domineering and dictatorial?  Insistence that  their understanding of the Bible is the only true meaning of Scripture, dismissing all others as the mere teachings of men at best, and at worst, the work of the devil ? Suspicion of outsiders, particularly of academia? That non-literal interpretations are the thin end of the satanic wedge? 

I wonder where have I seen this kind of thing before? Perhaps here,  here,  here, here, here,  here and here?

Signalled Diffusion Book III: Drift-Diffusion

Book III of my "Signalled Diffusion" project can be downloaded here. Books I and II can be downloaded from here and here respectively. Below I reproduce the summing  up section that appears at the end of Book III

***

Summing up and Interpretations

Our final equation, equation 108.0 was:

110.0

…where

111.0

What does this equation mean? Going through the terms on the right hand side we have:

1. The first term is the diffusion term for randomly walking agents.
2. The second term, the drift term, results of the random walk having a systematic bias in the same direction as the diffusion.

3. Because a positive sign in front of the third term only makes sense if the walk agents are multiplying then we interpret the quantity Y  not as probability but as a count of stepping agents at a point in time and space. If the sign in front of the third term is negative then it is possible for Y to be a decaying probability.

The coefficients on the right hand side of 110.0 depend on k. This is a consequence of the constraint which sets the drift current equal to the diffusion current. The drift has the effect of moving the Y envelope to the left or right depending on the direction of the slope; in fact in 110.0 the drift is always in the opposite direction to the slope. Therefore changes in the slope cause differential drifting resulting in the distortion and dispersion of a localised envelope in Y. The consequence is that a spatially limited envelope in Y will be pulled apart by differential drifting. Hence the idea of a moving frame defined by the systematic drift of a spatially localised envelope in Y is not found in equation 110.0. 

The highly disruptive dispersion in real number drift-diffusion is ameliorated when we move over to complex number diffusion.  In complex number diffusion the analogue of k is the wave number of a corkscrew wave and the vector wave number can be uni-directional and still allow a localised envelope in Y . Moreover the wave envelope can have a packet profile that moves with an identifiable velocity. Even so, as we know, a measure of dispersion also occurs in wave theory.

It is hoped that a study of real number drift-diffusion will assist in the understanding of complex number drift-diffusion. As we saw in chapter 6 equation 110.0 implies a kind of relativity of time and space in that standards of measurement change with drift value. However, in the case of real number diffusion this is not likely to lead to any kind of elegant frame invariance as it does with complex number diffusion, but it nevertheless shows how the complementary nature of drift and diffusion entail a relativity of time and space measurements; in the case of complex number diffusion this relativity has the effect of masking the existence of an absolute frame. The other feature that we begin to see in real number drift-diffusion (and also true of complex number diffusion) is how it disguises the asymmetries in the construction of space and time by compressing the node structure as slopes increase.